[40] In 1850 Young built the first truly commercial oil-works and oil refinery in the world at Bathgate, using oil extracted from locally mined torbanite, shale, and bituminous coal to manufacture naphtha and lubricating oils; paraffin for fuel use and solid paraffin were not sold till 1856. Railroad lines expanded from 35,000 miles in 1865 to 254,000 miles in 1916. Advancements in manufacturing and production technology enabled the widespread adoption of technological systems such as telegraph and railroad networks, gas and water supply, and sewage systems, which had earlier been limited to a few select cities. Since Germany industrialized later, it was able to model its factories after those of Britain, thus making more efficient use of its capital and avoiding legacy methods in its leap to the envelope of technology. By the 1860s, the increased availability and lower cost of Bessemer process steel finally allowed the railroads to utilize it in quantity. [31] Household electrification did not become common until the 1920s, and then only in cities. From the late 19th to early 20th centuries, cities grew, factories sprawled and peoples lives became regulated by the clock rather than the sun. The Industrial Revolution first began in Britain in the 18th century but soon spread throughout Europe and North America. Practically every aspect of everyday life had altered dramatically over the past century. Germany was not weighted down with an expensive worldwide empire that needed defense. ADVERTISEMENTS: After reading this article you will learn about Industrial Revolution:- 1. The enormous expansion of rail and telegraph lines after 1870 allowed unprecedented movement of people and ideas, which culminated in a new wave of globalization. Did Cotton Drive the Industrial Revolution? Thermodynamic principles were used in the development of physical chemistry. [63] Alloy steels were used for ball bearings which were used in large scale bicycle production in the 1880s. First used to report the current location of trains, the telegraph further facilitated the growth of the railroads, as well as financial and commodity markets by reducing the cost of transmitting information within and between firms. Managerial hierarchies also developed to oversee the division of labor. Developments such as steel, electricity, increased mass production, and the building of a nationwide railroad network enabled the growth of sprawling cities. Up to that time, propellers were literally screws, of considerable length. Horses and mules remained important in agriculture until the development of the internal combustion tractor near the end of the Second Industrial Revolution. President Thomas Jefferson set the Embargo Act of 1807 during the Napoleonic Wars. This was successfully completed on 18 July 1866 by the ship SS Great Eastern, captained by Sir James Anderson after many mishaps along the away. [102], The German Empire came to rival Britain as Europe's primary industrial nation during this period. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. Modern tarmac was patented by British civil engineer Edgar Purnell Hooley in 1901.[58]. In addition to its steam-powered paddle wheels, the ship carried four masts for sails. For working-class families, prosperity was often followed by poverty as the availability of work rose and fell depending on the demand for goods. These scientific principles were applied to a variety of industrial concerns, including improving the efficiency of boilers and steam turbines. Sponsored by Sen. Robert F. Wagner of New York and signed by its ardent supporter, President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the FSLA prohibited the employment of minors in oppressive child labor, established a mandatory minimum wage, and limited the number of hours employees should work. Combined with these, the development of machines controlled by rudimentary computers, gave rise to automated production. Black Diamond Express train on the Lehigh Valley Railroad in Pennsylvania, circa 1898. Applied science opened many opportunities. Excitement and debate over the dangers and benefits of the Atomic Age were more intense and lasting than those over the Space age but both were predicted to lead to another industrial revolution. [64] His most prominent achievement was to formulate a set of equations that described electricity, magnetism, and optics as manifestations of the same phenomenon, namely the electromagnetic field. [57] Its popularity soon grew, causing the bike boom of the 1890s. The trend began during the first half of the 20th century when several European countries chose to convert basic sectors of their economies to collective or common ownership, a common characteristic of socialism. Rapid advances in the creation of steel, chemicals and electricity helped fuel production, including mass-produced consumer goods and weapons. Justus von Liebig was the first to understand the importance of ammonia as fertilizer, and promoted the importance of inorganic minerals to plant nutrition. The Atlantic Telegraph Company was formed in London in 1856 to undertake construction of a commercial telegraph cable across the Atlantic Ocean. [104] There were many spin offs from researchsuch as the pharmaceutical industry, which emerged from chemical research. [52] The oscillating engine was first built by Aaron Manby and Joseph Maudslay in the 1820s as a type of direct-acting engine that was designed to achieve further reductions in engine size and weight. Worse yet, the burning of fossil fuel pumped carbon into the. Beginning in the 1980s this trend toward economic socialization was reversed in the United States and the United Kingdom. German inventor Karl Benz patented the world's first automobile in 1886. Perfect for third graders, this worksheet helps students make connections between key ideas and events in a text and build nonfiction comprehension skills. [23][24] Swan's lightbulb had already been used in 1879 to light Mosley Street, in Newcastle upon Tyne, the first electrical street lighting installation in the world. [90], Improvements in steam efficiency, like triple-expansion steam engines, allowed ships to carry much more freight than coal, resulting in greatly increased volumes of international trade. Get instant feedback, extra help and step-by-step explanations. Liebig is considered the "father of the fertilizer industry" for his discovery of nitrogen as an essential plant nutrient and went on to establish Liebig's Extract of Meat Company which produced the Oxo meat extract. Edward Alfred Cowper developed the Cowper stove in 1857. The statistics that reflect the effects of industrialization are staggering. Subsequent industrial revolutions include the Digital revolution and Environmental revolution. Was the Industrial Revolution over . The three major firms had also integrated upstream into the production of essential raw materials and they began to expand into other areas of chemistry such as pharmaceuticals, photographic film, agricultural chemicals and electrochemical. [25][26] This set the stage for the electrification of industry and the home. By the late 1700s many people could no longer earn their living in the countryside. The U.S. had its highest economic growth rate in the last two decades of the Second Industrial Revolution;[97] however, population growth slowed while productivity growth peaked around the mid 20th century. Towards the end of the century, Perkin and other British companies found their research and development efforts increasingly eclipsed by the German chemical industry which became world dominant by 1914. [6], A synergy between iron and steel, railroads and coal developed at the beginning of the Second Industrial Revolution. (2021, December 6). [45], Synthetic dye was discovered by English chemist William Henry Perkin in 1856. What Caused the Second Industrial Revolution? The key development of the vacuum tube by Sir John Ambrose Fleming in 1904 underpinned the development of modern electronics and radio broadcasting. He also teaches science writing at Johns Hopkins University. The Second Agricultural Revolution, or the British Agricultural Revolution, happened just before the First Industrial Revolution. This led to the reorganization of railroads into different departments with clear lines of management authority. This made many nations experience economic growth, becoming richer and more developed every day. When the telegraph became available, companies built telegraph lines along the railroads to keep track of trains. At the same time, all kinds of goods became standardized for the first time, according to Priya Satia, professor of international history at Stanford University. 3) Mining of Resources. At the same time, ideas and news spread via newspapers, the radio and telegraph. Increasing urbanization and the acquisition of new territory in the United States in the early 19th century caused the Second Industrial. Some argue we are now entering a Fourth Industrial Revolution, in which robotics, artificial intelligence, autonomous vehicles and biotechnology are changing our concepts of both life and consciousness. [14] His process was especially valuable on the continent of Europe, where the proportion of phosphoric iron was much greater than in England, and both in Belgium and in Germany the name of the inventor became more widely known than in his own country. Corrections? It came to an end with the start of the Second World War. Other processes were developed for purifying various elements such as chromium, molybdenum, titanium, vanadium and nickel which could be used for making alloys with special properties, especially with steel. [105], Belgium during the Belle poque showed the value of the railways for speeding the Second Industrial Revolution. The early technique of hot blast used iron for the regenerative heating medium. By 1920, rail had become the dominant means of transportation, resulting in a steady decrease in the cost of shipping lasting throughout the rest of the century. People are coming from rural backgrounds who are used to self-directing their work, which is organized around the seasons and light, Freeman says. The steam turbine was developed by Sir Charles Parsons in 1884. Standard Oil), dominated in steel, oil, sugar, meatpacking, and the manufacture of agriculture machinery. To help their impoverished families, children, often as young as four years old, were forced to work long hours for little pay in factories under unhealthy and unsafe conditions. While factory automation and productivity had been improved by the limited use of First Industrial Revolution inventions such as the steam engine, interchangeable parts, the assembly line, and mass production, most late 19th century factories were still water-powered. Terms in this set (3) . Paper in the Making. Use this chart to identify the causes and effects of these events in the North, South, West, and Midwest. The story of the Industrial Revolution begins on the small island of Great Britain. "Sir Joseph Swan, The Literary & Philosophical Society of Newcastle", M. S. Vassiliou, Historical Dictionary of the Petroleum Industry, Scarecrow Press 2009, page 13, "History and Design of Propellers: Part 1". [78] Unlike earlier steam engines, the turbine produced rotary power rather than reciprocating power which required a crank and heavy flywheel. The Second Industrial Revolution was brought about by a variety of new technological breakthroughs which occurred in the middle of the 19th century. The changes resulted in the creation of a larger, increasingly professional, middle class, the decline of child labor and the dramatic growth of a consumer-based, material culture. Perhaps the most tragic negative aspect of the Second Industrial Revolution was the growth of unregulated child labor. Hull, James O. Mass Production & Assembly Line 2. Sorby pioneered the study of iron and steel under microscope, which paved the way for a scientific understanding of metal and the mass-production of steel. Mechanical innovations such as batch and continuous processing began to become much more prominent in factories. They continued to be drivers of the economy until after WWII. In 1879, famed American inventor Thomas Edison perfected his design for a practical electric lightbulb. Much of the explosion of economic production in America during the Second Industrial Revolution has been attributed to the expansion of the railroads. We discovered that for six weeks they had worked from seven in the morning until nine at night, Addams later wrote, and they were exhausted as well as satiated. Considered to have been triggered by the invention of the Bessemer process for the cost-effective production of steel and the associated expansion of the U.S. railroad system, the period resulted in an unprecedented increase in industrial production. Embargo Act of 1807. Evelyn_Farbman. Major innovations occurred in the post-war era, some of which are: computers, semiconductors, the fiber optic network and the Internet, cellular telephones, combustion turbines (jet engines) and the Green Revolution. The first factories were built in the 18th century, with British textile mills that spread to the United States, a time known as the First Industrial Revolution. During the Napoleonic Wars, Britain's navy had seized Americans and their cargo to help with . ThoughtCo, Dec. 6, 2021, thoughtco.com/second-industrial-revolution-overview-5180514. Charles Fenerty and his Paper Invention. Other important alloys are used in high temperatures, such as steam turbine blades, and stainless steels for corrosion resistance. Railroads allowed cheap transportation of materials and products, which in turn led to cheap rails to build more roads. In England, he attempted to implement his theories commercially through a fertilizer created by treating phosphate of lime in bone meal with sulfuric acid. Northern Europe produced all of the goods, made more money, and the workers living conditions were higher. Advances in the accuracy of machine tools can be traced to Henry Maudslay and refined by Joseph Whitworth. [52], Crop failures no longer resulted in starvation in areas connected to large markets through transport infrastructure.[52]. 51, 103116 & Preston, A., & Major, 1965, J., Send a gunboat. Road networks improved greatly in the period, using the Macadam method pioneered by Scottish engineer John Loudon McAdam, and hard surfaced roads were built around the time of the bicycle craze of the 1890s. Managerial hierarchies also developed to oversee the division of labor. It took several years to perfect and become popular, but found application in shipping before powering locomotives. Each of these states had roughly 5 percent more of the total US workforce than would be expected given their populations. 18 terms. With large amounts of steel it became possible to build much more powerful guns and carriages, tanks, armored fighting vehicles and naval ships. There have been other times that have been called "second industrial revolution". Where and when did the Industrial Revolution take place? During the 1880s, Americas railroads laid more than 75,000 miles of new track, the most anywhere in history. [29] Ford and others at the company struggled with ways to scale up production in keeping with Henry Ford's vision of a car designed and manufactured on a scale so as to be affordable by the average worker. In 1924 2 million T-Fords were produced and retailed $290 each.[61]. From the 1880s until electrification it was successful in small shops because small steam engines were inefficient and required too much operator attention. Capitalism and private property. When social activist Jane Addams threw a Christmas party at the group home she had just founded in Chicagos slums in 1889, she passed out candy to the impoverished girls who lived there. Steel Replaces Iron (Henry Bessemer) 3. A Beginner's Guide to the Industrial Revolution. Flashcards. [5], Landes (2003) stresses the importance of new technologies, especially, the internal combustion engine, petroleum, new materials and substances, including alloys and chemicals, electricity and communication technologies (such as the telegraph, telephone and radio). The development of more intricate and efficient machines along with mass production techniques (after 1910) greatly expanded output and lowered production costs. In 1841, Joseph Whitworth created a design that, through its adoption by many British railway companies, became the world's first national machine tool standard called British Standard Whitworth. Sir Charles William Siemens developed his regenerative furnace in the 1850s, for which he claimed in 1857 to able to recover enough heat to save 7080% of the fuel. Hofmann headed a school of practical chemistry in London, under the style of the Royal College of Chemistry, introduced modern conventions for molecular modeling and taught Perkin who discovered the first synthetic dye. and Brian Harrison. 1. As mechanism reduced the demand for labor, many people who had first been drawn from farms to cities to work in the factories lost their jobs. Though a number of its events can be traced to earlier innovations in manufacturing, such as the establishment of a machine tool industry, the development of methods for manufacturing interchangeable parts, as well as the invention of the Bessemer process to produce steel, the Second Industrial Revolution is generally dated between 1870 and 1914 (the beginning of World War I).[2]. By the late 1880s, the first efficient commercial electrical generators made large-scale transmission of electrical power to the public possible. 7) Governmental Policies. [56] Dunlop's development of the pneumatic tyre arrived at a crucial time in the development of road transport and commercial production began in late 1890. [88], Railroads involved complex operations and employed extremely large amounts of capital and ran a more complicated business compared to anything previous. Cable tool drilling was developed in ancient China and was used for drilling brine wells. 02.01 Regions Chart and Written Response There were several events during the Second Industrial Revolution that had profound effects on each of the major regions in the United States. You could produce all the parts of a gun and assemble any set and make a gun, Satia says. The key principle was the removal of excess carbon and other impurities from pig iron by oxidation with air blown through the molten iron. French engineer Pierre-mile Martin was the first to take out a license for the Siemens furnace and apply it to the production of steel in 1865. Although town gas lighting was available in some cities, kerosene produced a brighter light until the invention of the gas mantle. Burger, Peter. This era saw the birth of the modern ship as disparate technological advances came together. 40 terms. Following Germany's annexation of Alsace-Lorraine in 1871, it absorbed parts of what had been France's industrial base. [29][34] The savings from mass production methods allowed the price of the Model T to decline from $780 in 1910 to $360 in 1916. https://www.thoughtco.com/second-industrial-revolution-overview-5180514 (accessed May 2, 2023). The Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the 1760s, largely with new developments in thetextileindustry. The petroleum industry, both production and refining, began in 1848 with the first oil works in Scotland. ,[49][50] built by engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel, was the longest ship in the world at 236ft (72m) with a 250-foot (76m) keel and was the first to prove that transatlantic steamship services were viable. The first commercially available steel rails in the US were manufactured in 1867 at the Cambria Iron Works in Johnstown, Pennsylvania. Businesses in practically every industry suffered from lengthy periods of low and falling profit rates and price deflation after 1873. It undermined the centuries-old class structure in Europe and reorganized the economic and philosophical worldview of the West. [98], During the Gilded Age, American railroad mileage tripled between 1860 and 1880, and tripled again by 1920, opening new areas to commercial farming, creating a truly national marketplace and inspiring a boom in coal mining and steel production. Sidney Gilchrist Thomas developed a more sophisticated process to eliminate the phosphorus from iron. The first of Mushet's steel rails was sent to Derby Midland railway station. Invented in 1856 by Sir Henry Bessemer, the Bessemer process allowed for the mass-production of steel. Both the number of unskilled and skilled workers increased, as their wage rates grew[100] Engineering colleges were established to feed the enormous demand for expertise. But during the testing of a boat propelled by one, the screw snapped off, leaving a fragment shaped much like a modern boat propeller. Previously, the management of most businesses had consisted of individual owners or groups of partners, some of whom often had little daily hands-on operations involvement. How did the Industrial Revolution change society? [67][68] Control theory is the basis for process control, which is widely used in automation, particularly for process industries, and for controlling ships and airplanes. They also needed to keep track of cars, which could go missing for months at a time. Railroads also benefited from cheap coal for their steam locomotives. [42] Drake's well touched off a major boom in oil production in the United States. Print. This greatly reduced the infection and death rates from many diseases. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Then innovations in production line technology, materials science and industrial toolmaking made it easier to mass produce all kinds of goods that remade the American family and physical landscape. [16] This provided the basis for the accelerated construction of railways throughout the world in the late nineteenth century. Old engraved illustration of Manufacture of Steel by Bessemer's Process. By 1870 the work done by steam engines exceeded that done by animal and human power. The oxidation also raises the temperature of the iron mass and keeps it molten. Collaborating with his cousin, Percy Gilchrist a chemist at the Blaenavon Ironworks, Wales, he patented his process in 1878;[13] Bolckow Vaughan & Co. in Yorkshire was the first company to use his patented process. Maxwell himself developed the first durable colour photograph in 1861 and published the first scientific treatment of control theory. For example, to calculate rates they needed to know the cost of a ton-mile of freight. It became the leading steel making process by the early 20th century. The oligarchical ownership of companies, if not entire industries by wealthy individual business magnates that had dominated during the original Industrial Revolution in the early to mid-19th century was slowly replaced by todays model of wider public distribution of ownership through the sale of stock to individual investors and institutions such as banks and insurance companies. 2023, A&E Television Networks, LLC. Oil (Gasoline) 5. The Second Industrial Revolution is followed by the Third Industrial Revolution starting in 1947. Early 20th-century films like Fritz Langs sci-fi dystopia Metropolis or Charlie Chaplins assembly line comedy Modern Times capture this fear of the factory worker as a human robot. In 1913 these eight firms produced almost 90 percent of the world supply of dyestuffs, and sold about 80 percent of their production abroad. The work of Michael Faraday and others was pivotal in laying the foundations of the modern scientific understanding of electricity. Being a much more durable material, steel steadily replaced iron as the standard for railway rail, and due to its greater strength, longer lengths of rails could now be rolled. With the greatly reduced cost of producing pig iron with coke using hot blast, demand grew dramatically and so did the size of blast furnaces.[10][11]. 4. Data from Paul Bairoch, "International Industrialization Levels from 1750 to 1980," Journal of European Economic History (1982) v. 11. [29] The solution that Ford Motor developed was a completely redesigned factory with machine tools and special purpose machines that were systematically positioned in the work sequence. The Second Industrial Revolution, also known as the Technological Revolution,[1] was a phase of rapid scientific discovery, standardization, mass production and industrialization from the late 19th century into the early 20th century. The large number of stages of the turbine allowed for high efficiency and reduced size by 90%. [65] The unification of light and electrical phenomena led to the prediction of the existence of radio waves and was the basis for the future development of radio technology by Hughes, Marconi and others.[66]. By the 1880s chemical processes for paper manufacture were in use, becoming dominant by 1900. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press (Rowman & Littlefield), 700pp, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTemple1986 (. 2) European Imperialism | Causes Of The Industrial Revolution. Chemicals 6. The Great Western[48] ", Roberts, Wayne. The First Industrial Revolution, which ended in the middle of the 19th century, was punctuated by a slowdown in important inventions before the Second Industrial . The chemist James Young set up a tiny business refining the crude oil in 1848. [35], The first paper making machine was the Fourdrinier machine, built by Sealy and Henry Fourdrinier, stationers in London. "Modeling the Transition to a New Economy: Lessons from Two Technological Revolutions,". The Industrial Revolution brought about sweeping changes in economic and social organization. The Mariner's Mirror, The Journal of the Society of Nautical Research. Perkin's accidental discovery was that aniline could be partly transformed into a crude mixture which when extracted with alcohol produced a substance with an intense purple colour. The last document in the set is dated 1919. Other changes that helped bring about the Industrial Revolution included the use of steam, and later of other kinds of power, in place of the muscles of human beings and of animals. Ford is a great hero, Freeman says, but the other side of the coin is a nightmarish vision of the factory as Satans province.. Osbon, G. A., 1965, The Crimean War gunboats. In this more recent scenario, they would render the majority of today's modern manufacturing processes obsolete, transforming all facets of the modern economy. The Cowper stove is still used in today's blast furnaces. In the same time period, new technological systems were introduced, most significantly electrical power and telephones. However, his enterprise was unsuccessful due to the prohibitive cost at the time.[36][37][38]. The first large scale central distribution supply plant was opened at Holborn Viaduct in London in 1882[27] and later at Pearl Street Station in New York City. Electrification also allowed the inexpensive production of electro-chemicals, such as aluminium, chlorine, sodium hydroxide, and magnesium.[32]. Archive maintained by 'The Pedal Club'. Benz began to sell the vehicle (advertising it as the Benz Patent Motorwagen) in the late summer of 1888, making it the first commercially available automobile in history. Thanks to the development of sewage systems in cities along with the passage of drinking water safety laws, public health improved greatly and rates of death from infectious diseases fell. Social and Political Impact of the Second Phase of the Industrial Revolution. Men, women, and even small children worked in factories. The railroad soon became the main way by which companies transported raw materials to their factories and delivered final products to consumers. During the c, newly developed resources like steel, petroleum, and railroads, along with the superior new power source of electricity, allowed factories to increase production to unheard-of levels. For example, industrial standardization marked an evolution in the arms industry, says Satia, author of Empire of Guns: The Making of the Industrial Revolution. This started a new era for paper making,[39] and, together with the invention of the fountain pen and the mass-produced pencil of the same period, and in conjunction with the advent of the steam driven rotary printing press, wood based paper caused a major transformation of the 19th century economy and society in industrialized countries. The importance of machine tools to mass production is shown by the fact that production of the Ford Model T used 32,000 machine tools, most of which were powered by electricity. The second industrial revolution also known as the technological revolution was a period of breaking advancements in the aspects of manufacturing, technology, and the methods of industrial production which particularly took place in the United States from 1870 to 1914. Mass production fostered the concept of capitalism which had been raised by Adam Smith . The revolution in naval design led to the first modern battleships in the 1870s, evolved from the ironclad design of the 1860s. At its peak, the Ford Motor Company factory in Michigan employed 40,000 workers under one big roof. A scientific understanding of electricity was necessary for the development of efficient electric generators, motors and transformers. In essence, this was a period of tremendous economic, industrial, and technological advancement that took place between the . Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/second-industrial-revolution-overview-5180514. However, being soft and often full of impurities, iron rails could not support heavy locomotives and required frequent repair and replacement. All Rights Reserved. Within just a few decades, the Second Industrial Revolution transformed the United States from a mainly rural agricultural society to a booming industrial economy centered in major cities. "From Rostow to Chandler to You: How revolutionary was the second industrial revolution?

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