Increasingly, research has moved toward studying compounds in individual foods to gain a greater understanding of their specific role(s) and the mechanisms involved in the prevention and reduction of disease in humans. Women in the highest quartile of apple intake compared to the lowest quartile had a significantly lower incidence of asthma. (11) in Germany used apple extracts fermented in vitro with human fecal flora to examine effects of the fermentation products on cultured HT29 and LT97 cells (the latter, a colon adenoma cell line representing early premalignant tumor development). An analysis of urinary samples collected postconsumption at 1.5, 3, and 4.5 h demonstrated that the fresh and processed apple meals each decreased 3-h net acid excretion and attenuated calcium loss to a similar extent compared to the control meal (73). Barth et al. More than 4000 flavonoids have been identified and all share a common carbon skeleton structure (C6-C3-C6). Kern et al. A great deal of work has focused on dietary polyphenols, particularly the most abundant subclasses, including flavonoids (60% of all polyphenols) and phenolic acids (30% of total polyphenols) (2). Recent work suggests that these products may also be associated with improved outcomes related to cognitive decline of normal aging, diabetes, weight management, bone health, pulmonary function, and gastrointestinal protection. It was shown that in maternal groups with progressively greater apple intake ranging from 01/wk to 14/wk to >4/wk, there was a significant and linear reduction in diagnosed asthma as well as reduced reports of ever having wheezed or ever having asthma among the nearly 1200 5-y olds in the study. After apple consumption, FRAP increased significantly by 12% at 1 h and plasma levels of ascorbate and urate also increased. Dietary fat, including high PUFA intake, is associated with increased lipid peroxidation resulting in DNA damage (40). It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. Hydrogen peroxide, aqueous solution 30%. selenium. [12] Their experiments tested for the effectiveness of various fruits in inhibiting ROS-induced production of ethylene from -keto--methiolbutyric acid. Selected polyphenols in apples and apple products. An anthocyanidin-rich fraction from each of the fruit extracts was also tested. It is also called ferulate, propenoic acid, trans-ferulic acid, and more. Main conclusion The efficiency of suberized plant/environment interfaces as transpiration barriers is not established by the suberin polymer but by the wax molecules sorbed to the suberin polymer. Apples and AP 3, including juices and extracts, have been included in health-related studies around the world due to their rich content of varied phytochemicals. Even less is known about the complex interactions between isolated constituents, but it is speculated that the synergistic interactions and balance of nutrients in native AP are difficult to duplicate experimentally (27). Others have worked to characterize the effects of individual compounds known to be present in AP. James Kennedy. It was found that cell proliferation was reduced in cells exposed to apple extracts in a dose-dependent manner with a median EC50 of 65.1 g/L. There was a concurrent and dose-dependent increase in expression of Bax, a proapoptotic protein and downward expression of Bcl-2, an antiapoptotic protein. Future studies, including well-conducted clinical trials using whole apple preparations and juice, are clearly warranted. In this study, 515 adults with diagnosed asthma were compared to 515 controls using dietary assessment by a 6-d food diary and 24-h recall. A laboratory Experiment was carried out to determine the physic-chemical composition of Red Delicious and Amri apple varieties under fresh and stored condition, which were determined on October 30, November 30, and December 30. Other reports have indicated that apple intake is associated with reduced risk of asthma and related symptoms. The influence of farming systems on the harvest of apple tree orchards and the chemical composition of apples S. Nominaitis1, V. M. Rutkoviene1, P. Vikelis 2 Key words: genus, scab, skin toughness, picking maturity, fruit quality Summary: Research of apple productivity and quality was carried out in organic and intensive Chemical composition of apple fruits of eight cultivars Results as mean SEM of triplicate measurements. The fresh peeled apple meal included 311 g of unpeeled apple plus a protein drink and 53 g of candy; the applesauce test meal included 877.5 g of unsweetened canned applesauce and a protein drink and the control meal included just the candy (108 g) and the protein drink. They observed an increase in FRAP and a correlated increase in plasma urate levels, leading them to speculate that fructose-mediated urate production might account for their observations. It has been suggested that the aglycone form of flavonoids (i.e. The reduction in NF-B activity observed in these studies aligns with the suppression of cell proliferation by AP reported in many investigations. The composition of apples in relation to cider and vinegar production. Further investigation of the in vivo effects of AP as well as other sources of antioxidants relative to antioxidant status is relevant and warranted. Although further work needs to be done, it is intriguing that components in AP have the potential to modify genetic profiles in a potentially protective manner. These findings were consistent with prior data showing reduced coronary mortality in elderly Dutch men (6584 y) who consumed apples (average 69 g/d) compared to men who had little or no apple intake (35). A crossover study of ex vivo data examined the effect of a bolus of apple (600 g of homogenized unpeeled apples) in a small group of young healthy males in Italy (n = 6) (38). It was found that high concentrations of the extract (2002000 nmol/L) for longer incubation periods with TNF (36 h) resulted in reduced NF-B activity, likely mediated via inhibited phosphorylation of IB. In addition, apple intake was associated with reduction in SOD elevation in the hippocampus of aged rats, suggesting that apples provide antioxidant protection that mitigates the predicted compensatory elevation of enzymes associated with aging. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition, nutritional properties and antioxidant activity of Monkey apple methanol extract. A 2016 analysis from the PDP found that 80% of 531 apple samples contained residues of this chemical at 0.002-3.8 ppm, which is below the EPA's tolerance level of 10 ppm. A study conducted in Turkey included 15 elderly participants (mean age 72 y; 8 female, 7 male) who ate fresh apples at a daily dose of 2 g/kg for 1 mo (36). Iodine solution, alcohol solution. These include the diet-related conditions of hypertension, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, angina, heart failure, and stroke (33). Each group was provided guidelines for a moderate hypocaloric diet designed to reduce body weight at a rate of 1 kg/mo (deficit of 250 kcal/d). Tsao R, Yang R, Xie S, Sockovie E, Khanizadeh S, Chun OK, Kim D-O, Smith N, Schroeder D, Han J, Lee C, Sampson L, Rimm E, Hollman P, deVries J, Katan M, Hertog MG, Feskens E, Hollman P, Katan MB, Kromhout D, Veeriah S, Hofmann T, Glei M, Dietrich H, Will F, Schreier P, Knaup B, Pool-Zobel BL, Gallus S, Talamini R, Giacosa A, Montella M, Ramazzotti V, Franceschi S, Negri E, La Vecchia C. Linseisen J, Rohrmann S, Miller A, Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita H, Bchner F, Vineis P, Agudo A, Gram I, Janson L, Krogh V, et al. The observations that AP intake might be associated with reduced risk of cancer have led to an expanded field of animal and in vitro work with cell models that mimic phases in the initiation, promotion, and progression of cancer. TheOutcast06 3 yr. ago. Cancer chemopreventive potential of apples, apple juice, and apple components, Polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of new and old apple varieties, Estimated dietary flavonoid intake and major food sources in U.S. adults, Daily consumption of phenolics and total antioxidant capacity from fruits and vegetables in the American diet, Flavonol and flavone intakes in US health professionals, Dietary flavonoids and cancer risk in the Zutphen Elderly Study, Apple polyphenols and products formed in the gut differently inhibit survival of human cell lines derived from colon adenoma (LT97) and carcinoma (HT29), Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. To measure the animal response to dietary . A study in Oregon involved testing 6 healthy participants (3 men and 3 women) after they consumed 5 apples (flesh and skin, 1037 38 g) (39). All of the isolated compounds, including newly characterized triterpenes, had antioxidant activity at various levels. Abstract Suberized cell walls formed as barriers at filtered tea. Annurca apple fruits, Modulation of oxidative cell damage by reconstituted mixtures of phenolic apple juice extracts in human colon cell lines, Total oxidant scavenging capacities of common European fruit and vegetable juices, Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of common fruits, An integrated approach to evaluate food antioxidant capacity, Phenolics from purple grape, apple, purple grape juice and apple juice prevent early atherosclerosis induced by an atherogenic diet in hamsters, Absorption of dietary cholesterol oxidation products and their downstream metabolic effects are reducted by dietary apple phenols, Apple procyanidins decrease cholesterol esterification and lipoprotein secretion in Caco-2/TC7 enterocytes, Worldwide variation in prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and atopic exzema, Diet as a risk factor for atopy and asthma, Fruit and vegetable intakes and asthma in the E3N study, Dietary intake of flavonoids and asthma in adults, Dietary antioxidants and asthma in adults. Fructose and glucose were identified as the principal monosaccharides ( Table 2 ). One widely studied mechanism related to cancer is oxidation. Polyamines, as regulators of cell function, have important potential in cancer by either promoting cell proliferation or cell death depending on the cell type. A recent animal study indicated that AP are potentially important in counteracting dietary prooxidants. The authors proposed that the weight loss was due in part to the significant decrease in energy density of the diet due to the addition of apples compared to the oat cookies in spite of the comparable fiber content of the two. In vitro work in cultured human intestinal cells suggested that AP may directly alter lipid absorption and metabolism (49). (44) suggested that their use of total oxidant scavenging activity would be an effective test against 3 physiologically relevant ROS in realistic conditions. The range of the isolated compounds with demonstrated activity was comparable to levels observed in human plasma in feeding trials. All extracts significantly reduced oxidative damage and effectively reduced the presence of tert-butylhydroperoxide-induced ROS. The most effective compounds on all antioxidative parameters included quercetin and phloretin. Does an apple a day keep the oncologist away? List of Chemicals Dangerous Chemicals in Everyday Products 2. A follow-up mechanistic study using a similar approach with polyphenol-rich apple extract was conducted to examine the effect of fermentation-generated SCFA on inhibition of histone deacetylase in 2 colon cancer cell lines, including HT29 and Caco-2 (26). Because early lesions in the colon may progress to malignancy, the presence of premalignant hyperproliferative crypts and aberrant crypts are indicators of the potential pathogenesis of cancer in this model. These are described in the following section in the context of cardiovascular disease, although it is recognized that antioxidant effects are likely important in chemoprevention as well. Dietary antioxidants are of interest, because they add to the endogenous potential of the body to scavenge ROS and nitrogen-free radicals and directly counteract lipid peroxidation reactions. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Murray T, Xu J, Thun M, Barth SW, Fahndrich C, Bub A, Dietrich H, Watzl B, Will F, Briviba K, Rechkemmer G, Barth SW, Faehndrich C, Bub A, Watzl B, Will F, Dietrich H, Rechkemmer G, Briviba K, Goss F, Guyot S, Roussi S, Lobstein A, Fischer B, Seiler N, Raul F, Schaefer S, Baum M, Eisenbrand G, Dietrich H, Will F, Janzowski C, Olsson ME, Gustavsson K-E, Andersson S, Nilsson A, Duan R-D, Goss F, Roussi S, Guyot S, Schoenfelder A, Mann A, Bergerat J, Seiler N, Raul F, Kern M, Pahlke G, Balavenkatraman KK, Bohmer FD, Marko D, Veeriah S, Kautenburger T, Habermann N, Sauer J, Dietrich H, Will F, Pool-Zobel BL, Kahle K, Kraus M, Scheppach W, Richling E, Waldecker M, Kautenburger T, Daumann H, Veeriah S, Will F, Dietrich H, Pool-Zobel BL, Schrenk D, Liu J-R, Dong H-W, Chen B-Q, Zhao P, Liu R, Davis PA, Polagruto JA, Valacchi G, Phung A, Soucek K, Keen CL, Gershwin ME, Knekt P, Jarvinen R, Reunanen A, Maatela J, Avci A, Atli T, Eruder I, Varli M, Devrim E, Turgay S, Durak I, Ko S-H, Choi S-W, Ye S-K, Cho B-L, Kim H-S, Chung M-H, Maffei F, Tarozzi A, Carbone F, Marchesi A, Hrelia S, Angeloni C, Forti G, Hreliaa P, Cefarelli G, D'Abrosca B, Fiorentino A, Izzo A, Mastellone C, Pacifico S, Piscopo V, Schaefer S, Baum M, Eisenbrand G, Janzowski C, Dcord K, Teissdre P, Auger C, Cristol J-P, Rouanet J-M, Ogino Y, Osada K, Nakamura S, Ohta Y, Kanda T, Sugano M, Vidal R, Hernandez-Vallejo S, Pauquai T, Texier O, Rousset M, Chambaz J, Demignot S, Lacorte J-M, Romieu I, Varraso R, Avenel V, Leynaert B, Kauffmann F, Clavel-Chapelon F, Garcia V, Arts ICW, Sterne JAC, Thompson RL, Shaheen SO, Shaheen SO, Sterne JA, Thomson RL, Songhurt CE, Margetts BM, Burney PGJ, Okoko BJ, Burney PG, Newson RB, Potts JF, Shaheen SO, Willers SM, Devereux G, Craig L, McNeill G, Wijga A, Abou El-Magd W, Turner S, Helms P, Seaton A, Tabak C, Wijga A, deMeer G, Janssen N, Brunekreef B, Smit H, Patel BD, Welch AA, Bingham SA, Luben R, Day N, Khaw K-T, Lomas D, Wareham N, Tchantchou F, Chan A, Kifle L, Ortiz D, Shea T, Rogers EJ, Mihalik S, Ortiz D, Shea T, Viggiano A, Monda M, Turco I, Incarnato L, Vinno V, Viggiano E, Baccari M, De Luca B, Song Y, Manson J, Buring J, Sesson H, Lin S, Marks SC, Mullen W, Borges G, Crozier A, Conceio de Oliveira M, Sichieri R, Moura A, Prynne CJ, Mishra GD, O'Connell MA, Muniz G, Laskey MA, Yan L, Prentice A, Ginty F, Puel C, Quintin A, Mathey J, Obled C, Davicco M, Lebecque P, Kati-Coulibaly S, Horcajada M, Coxam V, Graziani G, D'Argenio G, Tuccillo C, Loguercio C, Ritieni A, Morisco F, Del Vecchio B, Fogliano V, Romano M. Molnr P, Kawase M, Satoh K, Sohara Y, Tanaka T, Tani S, Sakagami H, Nakashima H, Motohashi N, Gymnt N, et al. It was also found that the effect of apple procyanidins on apoptosis was enhanced by a known compound that inactivates polyamine oxidase, leading the authors to conclude that apple procyanidins might be considered as a chemopreventive agent for colon cancer by these mechanisms. Rats were fed 2 different preparations of apple juice pressed from a mixture of apples to determine if 7 wk of daily consumption protected the mucosa from 1,2-dimethylhydrazineinduced genotoxic damage. The authors of this study also searched for an association between total flavonol and flavone intake and a limited number of subtypes of these flavonoids (5 total) and reduced risk. Elevated lipids and aberrations in lipid metabolism are well-established risk factors for many types of cardiovascular disease. Parents/caregivers reported apple and apple juice intake and health data of over 2600 children aged 511 y. Blood sampled at 1, 2, 3, and 6 h postconsumption was assayed for FRAP and plasma ascorbate and urate levels. The nitrogen content varied from 43.2 to 171.4 mg N/L. A similar pattern of beneficial association was present when the groups were stratified by age, energy intake, vegetable consumption, smoking, and BMI. All 3 groups were matched for the additional dietary fiber provided by each of the treatments. Dina Spector. Feeding trials are important in illustrating in vivo effects of AP and there are convincing data that AP intake is associated with improved antioxidant capacity in plasma and other tissues. aluminum oxide, a white powder that contains a 2:3 ratio of aluminum and oxygen atoms. Exposure to apples and apple products has been associated with beneficial effects on risk, markers, and etiology of cancer, cardiovascular disease, asthma, and Alzheimer's disease. After 12 wk, it was found that both apples and apple juice significantly reduced total cholesterol (11 and 24%, respectively) and lowered the ratio of total cholesterol:HDL (25 and 38%). As is clear from table 1, carbohydrates are a major constituent of apples. Colonic microflora metabolize ingested polyphenols. Apple juice preparations, including a cloudy (higher procyanidin and pectin) and a clear juice preparation, reduced important markers, including DNA damage and hyperproliferation and lowered the number of large aberrant crypt foci in the distal colon. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. Hydrogen sulphide saturated. The thirteen investigations reported in Table 1 dealt with various topics such as the characterization of different apple cultivars in terms of chemical/phytochemical composition, nutritional values and sensory description [12,13,14,15,16] and . Checkmate, atheists. In follow-up studies, the same authors examined the effect of isolated fractions on the above markers and concluded that the juice fraction itself was more effective than individual components of juice, including polyphenolic-rich extracts (18). However, the study had several limitations including a high attrition rate (29%) resulting in unequal sample sizes between groups (50% fewer in the oat cookie than either the apple or pear group) and a slight but significant difference in age between study groups (41.6 vs. 46.2 y in apple vs. cookie, respectively). Fresh apples contain about 15% total carbohydrate. Although data relating AP intake to reduced risk of asthma are provocative, there are some inconsistent reports. Increasingly protective effects were observed in rats fed extract doses equivalent to 1, 3, or 6 apples/d with reductions in tumor incidence of 17, 39, and 44%, respectively. Schaefer et al. Hydrofluoric acid, 40%. Understanding and characterizing the bioavailability of AP in humans is important in examining their possible protective effects on colon cancer. A research group in Italy studied the effects of 10 wk of fresh apple intake in aged rats (66). High resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion. The influence of farming systems on the harvest of apple tree orchards and the chemical composition of apples S. Nominaitis1, V. M. Rutkoviene1, P. Vikelis 2 Key words: genus, scab, skin toughness, picking maturity, fruit quality Summary: Research of apple productivity and quality was carried out in organic and intensive Using modern analytical techniques, a comprehensive study of the chemical composition of fruits from apple cultivars grown in Western Norway during 2019 and 2020 was done. Thus, apples may be potentially important in weight-related disorders. The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b04266.. II. Polyphenolic compounds account for the color, flavor, taste, and metabolic activity of plant-based foods as well as the putative health benefits to humans. Results of the study were presented in 2 reports, the most recent in 2008. In this study, we propose a novel method that utilizes hyperspectral imaging (HSI) technology to non-destructively monitor ApMV-infected apple leaves and predict LCC as a quantitative indicator of disease . Many recent studies demonstrate a beneficial effect of AP on critical processes in the etiology of disease at the metabolic and cellular level. 1. Inflammatory markers and insulin resistance were not affected by any dietary components. [4] Processing [ edit] Apples are loaded onto a processing belt where they are crushed, pressed, and the juice separated. Apple intake increased plasma total antioxidant activity by 64% at 3 and 6 h postconsumption compared to a water control, with resumption to baseline by 24 h after the test. (5965) have provided novel data on the potential of apple juice concentrate to modulate processes associated with the risk of Alzheimer's disease.

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