is alan greenspan still alive

He concluded: "We have tried regulation ranging from heavy to central planning. [50] He also accepted an honorary (unpaid) position at HM Treasury in the United Kingdom. Alan Greenspan was 70 and Andrea Mitchell was 50 years old. At age five Greenspan demonstrated his proficiency in mathematics by reciting baseball batting averages and performing large calculations in his head. Alan Greenspan is the kind of man that many people dream of being! At present, Alan Greenspan owns a consultancy firm called Greenspan LLC. The hardworking student worked under the department for equity research. As the Asian economies recovered and the U.S. economy continued its solid expansion, he initiated a series of interest rate hikes in June 1999. His loyalty and dedication to the job have indeed paid off through the years. He hasnt been reportedly ill or experiencing any health problems. [27] He also served as a member of the influential Washington-based financial advisory body, the Group of Thirty in 1984. [43][44] He feared that Saddam could seize control of the Straits of Hormuz and restrict the transport of oil through them. [110][111][112] Greenspan had said Bush's model has "the seeds of developing full funding by its very nature. Alan Greenspan, who is 97 years old as of today, was born in New York City. Alan Greenspan and Andrea Mitchell married in 1997, but they were together for a long time before their marriage. Greenspan is also known for being the spouse of renowned television journalist Andrea Mitchell. [58] Greenspan says that he wrote the book in longhand mostly while soaking in the bathtub, a habit he regularly employs since injuring his back in 1971. [134]. However, the married couple has no children from their lengthy mating. During the years of his chairmanship, Greenspan became known for his decisive use of monetary policy in steering the economy between the hazards of inflation and recession. Alan Greenspan is 95 Years Old. In August 1987, President Ronald Reagan signed the appointment of Alan Greenspan as chairman of the United States Federal Reserve. Supreme Court Justice Ruth Ginsburg officiated their wedding rites. In practice, Greenspan's supposedly hawkish approach was flexible, to say the least. He further studied clarinet at the Juilliard School from 1943 to 1944. Who Is Ben Bernanke? Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Although many Republican lawmakers tried to blame the housing bubble on Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, Greenspan placed far more blame on Wall Street for bundling subprime mortgages into securities. His father, Herbert Greenspan, was of Romanian Jewish descent, and his mother, Rose Goldsmith, was of Hungarian Jewish descent. Andrea and Alan are still together until this day, after 24 years of wedded bliss. Even after leaving the federal office, he kept on travelling on the road to success and worked his way to the top as a businessman with his consulting firm. [70] Greenspan and Rand remained friends until her death in 1982. Greenspan was born in Washington Heights, New York, on March 6, 1926, and as of 2022, he will be 96 years old. Greenspan proactively raised rates. Alan Greenspan was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by George W. Bush, making him the only Fed chair to receive the award. The intimate ceremony was attended by 75 guests including the bride and bridegroom's family members and friends. American economist who served as Chairman of the Federal Reserve of the United States from 1987 to 2006. He is a celebrity Economist, Scientist, Politician, Businessperson, Consultant. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. [1] President George W. Bush appointed Ben Bernanke as his successor. The monetary policy of the United States by hugely shaped by him during his tenure at the federal office. That leaves them fully exposed to rising rates.[91]. His work as the Chairman of the Federal Reserve of the United States of America has garnered him the popularity and respect he is attributed with nowadays. According to Nobel laureate Paul Krugman, however, "he didn't raise interest rates to curb the market's enthusiasm; he didn't even seek to impose margin requirements on stock market investors. [34] Greenspan was fundamentally a monetarist and Austrian Economist in orientation on the economy,[35] and his monetary policy decisions largely followed standard Taylor rule prescriptions (see Taylor 1993 and 1999). [31][32][33] Although the Federal Reserve followed its announcement with monetary policy actions, which became known as the Greenspan put, George H.W. Bush attributed his re-election loss to a sluggish response. [15] Among his bandmates in the Woody Herman band[citation needed] was Leonard Garment, Richard Nixon's special counsel. Noel The action you just performed triggered the security solution. After his parents separated, Alan was primarily reared by his mother at the Russian home of his maternal grandparents. Alan Greenspan Net Worth 2023: Age, Height, Weight, Wife, Kids, Bio-Wiki, Joan Mitchell (m. 1952 1953), and Andrea Mitchell (m. 1997). Greenspan was given a share of the credit for the longest official economic expansion in U.S. history (March 1991February 2000). Powell has been more reactive. Greenspan is best known for largely presiding over the Great Moderation, a period of relatively stable inflation and macroeconomic growth, that lasted from the mid-1980s to the financial crisis in 2007. The article attracted a number of critical responses from forum contributors, who, finding causation between Greenspan's policies and the discontinuities in financial markets that followed, criticized Greenspan mainly for what many believed to be his unbalanced and immovable ideological suppositions about global capitalism and free competitive markets. He continued to amass a fortune by opening his consultancy firm, Greenspan Associates LLC. Omissions? Why The 1929 Stock Market Crash Could Happen Again. Matt Taibbi described the Greenspan put and its bad consequences saying: "every time the banks blew up a speculative bubble, they could go back to the Fed and borrow money at zero or one or two percent, and then start the game all over", thereby making it "almost impossible" for the banks to lose money. Yes, Alan Greenspan is still alive Last check: 1 year ago . [81], According to some, however, Greenspan's policies of adjusting interest rates to historic lows contributed to a housing bubble in the United States. In the year 2000, the French government honored Alan Greenspan with the title of Commander of the Legion of Honour., In the year 2002, he was named Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire.. [citation needed] In 1945, Greenspan attended New York University's Stern School of Business, where he earned a B.A. Informed investors could expect the Fed to take predictable actions that would bailout investor's losses, which distort the incentives of market participants. For now, Andrea lives a blissful marital relationship with her long term partner, Alan for over two decades. Andrea Mitchell's husband Greenspan is a graduate of New York University with a degree in Economics in 1948. Greenspan's criticisms of President Bush include his refusal to veto spending bills, sending the country into increasingly deep deficits, and for "putting political imperatives ahead of sound economic policies". Alan Greenspan was born on March 6, 1926, in Washington Heights, New York, New York. The Economic Journal, Volume 112, Issue 478, 2002. Alan Greenspan was born in New York City on March 6, 1926. He works as a private advisor and consultant for firms through his company, Greenspan Associates LLC. Alan Greenspan says the answer is in men's underwear . [107], In the documentary film Inside Job, Greenspan is cited as one of the persons responsible for the financial crisis of 20072008. Alan is a veteran economist who served as the 13th chair of the Federal Reserve from 1987 to 2006. The famous American television journalist and anchor, Andrea Mitchell is a twice-married woman. He went on to study economics at New York University (B.A., 1948; M.A., 1950) and began work on a doctorate at Columbia University under economist and future Federal Reserve Board chairman Arthur F. Burns. However, some decisions that he took during his tenure has been subject to intense criticism. Sandeep Dahiya, Bardia Kamrad, Valerio Pot, and Akhtar R. Siddique. [65], Greenspan has come under criticism from Harry Binswanger,[71] who believes his actions while at work for the Federal Reserve and his publicly expressed opinions on other issues show abandonment of Objectivist and free market principles. A lot of celebrities do not know what to do with their money anymore in 2022. When Asian countries underwent a financial crisis and an economic downturn beginning in 1997 (see Asian financial crisis), he lowered U.S. interest rates to cushion the economy. Whether he made the right decisions back then is a different question altogether, but at least he's shown, like any good academic, that he is capable of changing his mind. [51] Stabilizing corporate profits are said to have influenced his comments. Ed Henry Wife Shirley Hung. [22] Before he was appointed chairman of the Federal Reserve, from 1955 to 1987, Greenspan was chairman and president of Townsend-Greenspan & Co., Inc., an economics consulting firm in New York City. Greenspan began his career in the public sector in 1974 when he served as chair of the Presidents Council of Economic Advisers (CEA) under President Gerald Ford. Alan was 20 years older than Andrea, but that did not hinder the two lovebirds from having a long-lasting marriage. It is well known that his mother was Hungarian-Jewish and that his father was of Romanian Jewish ancestry. The Great Moderation was a period of decreased macroeconomic volatility in the United States from the mid-1980s to the financial crisis in 2007. [122] He dated newswoman Barbara Walters in the late 1970s. Greenspan established his own consulting business, Greenspan Associates, LLC, in Washington, DC after leaving the Board of Governors. Instead, he waited until the bubble burst, as it did in 2000, then tried to clean up the mess afterward". Please ignore rumors and hoaxes. [72] In a congressional hearing on October 23, 2008, Greenspan admitted that his free-market ideology shunning certain regulations was flawed. Naturally, the banks wanted to borrow as much as they possibly could, then lend it out, earning nice profits. Greenspan came to the Federal Reserve Board from a consulting career. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [106] He also called Greenspan a "classic con man" who, through political savvy, "flattered and bullshitted his way up the Matterhorn of American power and jacked himself off to the attention of Wall Street for 20 consecutive years". Furthermore, Alan Greenspan also acted as the chairman of the bipartisan National Commission on Social Security Reform during the time Ronald Reagan was President of the United States of America. In 1977, the economist finally completed his doctorate still at NYU. Bernanke served until 2014. Andrea Mitchell Children, Husband, Net Worth and Salary. First nominated to the Federal Reserve by President Ronald Reagan in August 1987, he was reappointed at successive four-year intervals until retiring on January 31, 2006, after the second-longest tenure in the position, behind only William McChesney Martin. Career. Alan Greenspan, (born March 6, 1926, New York City, New York, U.S.), American economist and chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, whose chairmanship (19872006) continued through the administrations of four American presidents. Unregulated Free Market Fundamentalism Zealotry", "How to Prevent the Next Wall Street Crisis", "In Washington, Financial Furor Is a First-Rate Chance to Assess Blame", "We will never have a perfect model of risk", "Why Greenspan Does Not Bear Most of the Blame", Over-the-Counter Derivatives Markets and the Commodity Exchange Act: Report of The President's Working Group on Financial Markets, "Greenspan "shocked" at credit breakdown", "Greenspan admits some guilt over financial crisis", "Matt Taibbi: "Why Isn't Wall Street in Jail?" Other government agencies also supported that view.[101]. He asserts this would narrow the inequality between the minority of high-income earners and most workers whose wages have not grown in proportion with globalization and the nation's GDP growth. Robert Kelly is managing director of XTS Energy LLC, and has more than three decades of experience as a business executive. He is a professor of economics and has raised more than $4.5 billion in investment capital. [20], During his economics studies at New York University, Greenspan worked under Eugene Banks, a managing director at the Wall Street investment bank Brown Brothers Harriman, in the firm's equity research department. Greenspan's policy was defined by the Great Moderation, or the long-term maintenance of low, stable inflation and economic growth. His work as a politician and the salary coming from the federal office he has served have also contributed to his wealth. In 1987, Greenspan became the 13thchair of the Fed,replacing Paul Volcker. He did so again in 2001 after 9-11, the World Trade Center attack. Andrea Mitchells net worth is $8 million. [80] Then, after the accounting scandals of 2002, the Fed dropped the federal funds rate from then current 1.25% to 1.00%. His consulting company, Greenspan Associates LLC, is his primary source of income these days. In 1977, the economist finally completed his doctorate still at NYU. "[94] Despite this, Greenspan still claims to be a firm believer in free markets, although in his 2007 biography he wrote, "History has not dealt kindly with the aftermath of protracted periods of low risk premiums" as seen before the credit crisis of 2008. [8][9] Yale economist Robert Shiller argues that "once stocks fell, real estate became the primary outlet for the speculative frenzy that the stock market had unleashed". There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase, a SQL command or malformed data. On 06-03-1926 Alan Greenspan (nickname: Alan) was born in Washington Heights, New York City. Alan Greenspan is an American economist who was the chair of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve (Fed), the United States' central bank, from 1987 until 2006. Although the book mostly constituted a reassertion and recontextualization of Greenspans long-held principles, it notably allowed for the greater impact of John Maynard Keyness animal spiritsessentially human emotionon market behaviour. Herbert Greenspan is the name of his father and he is a stockbroker. They eventually got married in 1987. Alan is 96 years old as of 2022. We are currently reviewing this data. Famous People in USA Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [96], In March 2008, Greenspan wrote an article for the Financial Times' Economists' Forum in which he said that the 2008-financial crisis in the United States is likely to be judged as the most wrenching since the end of World WarII. The Greenspan put created a substantial moral hazard in financial markets. degree in economics in 1950. As chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers (197477) during Gerald Fords presidency, Greenspan promoted policies that caused the rate of inflation to drop from 11 to 6.5 percent. [63] Although he respected what he saw as Richard Nixon's immense intelligence, Greenspan found him to be "sadly paranoid, misanthropic and cynical". Greenspan Associates LLC has been his primary source of livelihood ever since. In 2007, Greenspan was the recipient of the inaugural Thomas Jefferson Foundation Medal in Citizen Leadership, presented by the University of Virginia. Yes, Alan is well and still alive. Later on, he pursued his master's degree also at NYU. Investopedia contributors come from a range of backgrounds, and over 24 years there have been thousands of expert writers and editors who have contributed. Rose Goldsmith is Alans mother. [87] In that speech, Greenspan had suggested that lenders should offer to home purchasers a greater variety of "mortgage product alternatives" other than traditional fixed-rate mortgages. [120], Greenspan has married twice. And, while Greenspan himself may be having trouble portraying himself as a mere innocent bystander in the current economic collapse, Greenspan's policies are alive and well in his . "We took the index as far back as the late 1800s and found that even going back that distance we could still find correlations between . The subprime mortgage industry collapsed in March 2007, with many of the largest lenders filing for bankruptcy protection in the face of spiraling foreclosure rates. Why Is He Important? How old is Alan Greenspan? While presenting the Federal Reserve's Monetary Policy Report in July 2002, he said that "It is not that humans have become any more greedy than in generations past. "[77], Greenspan stated that the housing bubble was "fundamentally engendered by the decline in real long-term interest rates",[78] though he also claims that long-term interest rates are beyond the control of central banks because "the market value of global long-term securities is approaching $100 trillion" and thus these and other asset markets are large enough that they "now swamp the resources of central banks". A recent poll conducted for the Celebrity Post shows that a large majority (87%) of respondents think those Alan Greenspan death rumors are not funny anymore. And as usual, Twittersphere was frenzied over the death hoax. "[102][103] Referring to his free-market ideology, Greenspan said: "I have found a flaw. According to Greenspan, the housing bubble was not a result of low short-term interest rates but rather a global phenomenon brought on by the steady drop in long-term rates. Alan has been able to amass wealth through his multiple sources of income, yet he likes to live simply. Inflation is a persistent threat, according to former Federal Reserve Chairman Greenspan. She was given the National Press Foundations Sol Taishoff Award for Excellence in Broadcast Journalism. The economist is married to Andrea Mitchell , his starsign is Pisces and he is now 96 years of age. . In The Map and the Territory: Risk, Human Nature, and the Future of Forecasting (2013), Greenspan advanced guidelines for market prognostication in light of the lessons learned from the financial crisis. If you have any unfortunate news that this page should be update with, please let us know using this form. Several notable contributors in defense of Greenspan included Stephen S. Roach, Allan Meltzer, and Robert Brusca. Greenspan also played a key role in organizing the U.S. bailout of Mexico during the 19941995 Mexican peso crisis. His memoir, The Age of Turbulence: Adventures in a New World, was published in 2007. [37] E. Ray Canterbery agrees with Krugman's criticism. [17] At Columbia University, he pursued advanced economic studies under Arthur Burns but withdrew because of his increasing work demand at Townsend-Greenspan & Company. In particular, in the early 2000s, Greenspan presided over cutting interest rates to levels not seen in many decades. Jazmin Johnson Bio, Age, Birthday, Net Worth, Height, Nationality, Gadson Johnson, Husband, Married, Kaley Cuoco Actress, Bio, Picture Perfect, Age, Net Worth, Shoulder Surgery, Movies, Copyright 2023 | WordPress Theme by MH Themes. On the other hand, Andrea Mitchells net worth is $8 million. [60] Greenspan writes, "They swapped principle for power. His wife, Andrea Mitchell, responded to the erroneous information tweeting, "By now you know the rumors are a hoax. When the Dow Jones Industrial Average fell a record 508 points on October 19, shortly after he took charge at the Fed, he acted quickly to ensure liquidity in the markets. His height is 1.8 m tall, and weight is 84 kg. Others say this shows his extreme popularity across the globe. The company provides consultancy services. President Ronald Reagan was the first to appoint Greenspan to the office, but three other presidents,George H.W. He lives together in a house in Washington, DC. According to the terms of their agreement, he was not to advise any other hedge fund while working for Paulson. [25][26] He was a director of the Council on Foreign Relations foreign policy organization between 1982 and 1988. [40] His critics, led by Steve Forbes, attributed the rapid rise in commodity prices and gold to Greenspan's loose monetary policy, which Forbes believed had caused excessive asset inflation and a weak dollar. He served for five consecutive terms that spanned from 1987 to 2006. Regardless of her 2 marriages, she doesn't have any children. Performance & security by Cloudflare. In 2008, Greenspan expressed great frustration that the February 23 speech was used to criticize him on ARMs and the subprime mortgage crisis, and stated that he had made countervailing comments eight days after it that praised traditional fixed-rate mortgages. [64], In the early 1950s, Greenspan began an association with novelist and philosopher Ayn Rand. [75], In the wake of the subprime mortgage and credit crisis in 2007, Greenspan stated that there was a bubble in the U.S. housing market, warning in 2007 of "large double digit declines" in home values "larger than most people expect". Ronald Reagan and Alan Greenspan pulled off one of the greatest frauds ever perpetrated against the American people in the history of this great nation, and the underlying scam is still alive and well, more than a quarter century later. The following day, the Dow Jones Industrial Average decreased by 416 points, losing 3.3% of its value. [84] Greenspan also praised the rise of the subprime mortgage industry and its tools for assessing credit-worthiness: Innovation has brought about a multitude of new products, such as subprime loans and niche credit programs for immigrants. [53], In August 2007, Deutsche Bank announced that it would be retaining Greenspan as a senior advisor to its investment banking team and clients. Alan Greenspan is an American economist and former chair of the Federal Reserve. Greenspan left Columbia in 1953 and formed Townsend-Greenspan & Co., Inc., an economic consulting firm in New York. After leaving, he published his memoir, The Age of Turbulence, and began his own Washington DC-based consulting firm, Greenspan Associates LLC. Greenspan retired as chairman of the Federal Reserve Board in January 2006. Early in his career, Greenspan developed a reputation for being hawkish on inflation, in part due to his advocacy for a return to the gold standard in monetary policy in the 1967 essay "Gold and Economic Freedom.". Moreover, he has two children from his former union who lived with them when they were together. Investopedia requires writers to use primary sources to support their work. Greenspan is considered by some to be hawkish in his concerns over inflation. President Ronald Reagan appointed Alan Greenspan as Chair of the Fed in 1987. His tenure as chair lasted for more than 18 years before he retired in 2006 to be replaced byBen Bernanke. [13], Greenspan attended George Washington High School from 1940 until he graduated in June 1943, where one of his classmates was John Kemeny. [93] On April 6, 2005, Greenspan called for a substantial increase in the regulation of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac: "Appearing before the Senate Banking Committee, the Fed chairman, Alan Greenspan, said the enormous portfolios of the companiesnearly a quarter of the home-mortgage marketposed significant risks to the nation's financial system should either company face significant problems. According to Yale economist Robert Shiller, as equities declined, real estate became the main vehicle for the speculative mania that the stock market had sparked. [61][62] He praised Bill Clinton above all the other presidents for whom he'd worked for his "consistent, disciplined focus on long-term economic growth". His impressive and lengthy experience has earned him a reputation as one of the best economists in the industry. [29] Investor, author and commentator Jim Rogers has said that Greenspan lobbied to get this chairmanship. UPDATE 01/05/2023 : This story seems to be false. His educational qualifications also feature a Ph.D. in economics from New York University that he attained in the year 1977. Based in Washington, D.C., Andrea works for NBC News as a television journalist, anchor, and pundit. Accessed June 14, 2021. He was previously appointed to the post by Presidents Reagan, George H.W. Bush, and Bill Clinton. Alan Greenspan, a well-learned man who is a businessman, politician, Consultant, scientist as well as economist distinguishes. Even though he kept a low profile in public, positive media attention helped enhance his popularity to the point that some observers compared him to a rock star.. You can learn more about the standards we follow in producing accurate, unbiased content in our. In August 1987, Alan was nominated to the Federal Reserve by President Ronald Reagan. By late 2004, the price of gold was higher than its 12-year moving average. Alan Greenspan Death Fact Check Alan is alive and kicking and is currently 97 years old. He was clearly willing to risk inflation under conditions that could create a severe depression and certainly pursued a generally easy money policy relative to his predecessor, Paul Volcker. Both Rand and Greenspan had early ties to corporate front groups. Alan Greenspan (born March 6, 1926) is an American economist who served as the 13th chairman of the Federal Reserve from 1987 to 2006. For these reasons, Greenspan has been criticized for his role in the rise of the housing bubble and the subsequent problems in the mortgage industry,[89][90] as well as "engineering" the housing bubble itself. The year 1987 marked itself as the one in which Alan Greenspan attained the position of chairman of the Federal Reserve Board. NOT REAL NEWS: Former Fed chair Alan Greenspan has died THE FACTS: Alan Greenspan, former chairman of the Federal Reserve, did not die despite reports that circulated on Twitter early Tuesday. [55][56], On April 30, 2009, Greenspan offered a defense of the H-1B visa program, telling a U.S. Senate subcommittee that the visa quota is "far too small to meet the need" and saying that it protects U.S. workers from global competition, creating a "privileged elite". The expansionary monetary policy of "easy money" attributed to Greenspan's tenure has been blamed in part for stoking the 2000 dot-com bubble and the 2008 financial crisis. [123] In December 1984, Greenspan began dating journalist Andrea Mitchell. Alan Greenspan is the latest celeb to fall victim to a death hoax, Alan Greenspan dead 2023 : Former Federal Reserve Chairman killed by internet death hoax, Alan Greenspan to announce retirement at age 97. They ended up with neither. "Effective Federal Funds Rate." After his time at the Fed, Greenspan has worked as an advisor through his company, Greenspan Associates LLC. [2][3][4] Democratic leaders of Congress criticized him for politicizing his office because of his support for Social Security privatization[5][6] and tax cuts.[7]. (Complete Interview)", "Complete List 25 People to Blame for the Financial Crisis", "Transcript: Nancy Pelosi on 'FOX News Sunday', "Greenspan Supports 'Ownership' Concept in Social Security", "Senate Democratic Leader Blasts Greenspan", "Barney Frank Says Race a Factor in Subprime Blame Game", "Greenspan Likes Social Security Private Accounts, But Urges Caution", "Greenspan Says U.S. Must Adjust Retirement Programs (Update1)", "FRB: Testimony, Greenspan Humphrey-Hawkins February 26, 1997", "Citations for Recipients of the 2005 Presidential Medal of Freedom", "Alan Greenspan Receives Defense Department Distinguished Public Service Award", "Greenspan receives Dept of Defense medal", "Historic highlights page with picture of 1976 winner Alan Greenspan", https://www.cbsnews.com/news/knighted-but-not-sir-alan/, "NYU Alumni Association Awards Past Recipients", "University of Notre Dame Honorary Degree Recipients 1844- 2019", "Chronological Listing of Honorary Degree Recipients of the University of Pennsylvania", "Harvard University Honorary Degree Recipients 1994-2019", "Remarks by Chairman Alan Greenspan Commencement address Harvard University", "Yale University Honorary Degrees Since 1702", "University of Edinburgh Honorary Degree Recipients Database", "Alan Greenspan and Gordon Brown Receive Honorary Degrees From NYU, December 14, 2005", "From Bubble to Depression? [131], In 1989, Greenspan was elected as a fellow of the American Statistical Association. Federal Reserve Board. He was born on March 26, 1926. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. In the year 1948, he graduated Summa Cum Laude. He received criticism from Democratic leaders in Congress for politicizing his position because of his support for tax reduction and the privatization of Social Security. His dissertation is not available from the university[19] since it was removed at Greenspan's request in 1987, when he became chairman of the Federal Reserve Board.

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