louisiana catholic population
[55] Protestants are concentrated in the northern and central parts of the state and in the northern tier of the Florida Parishes. Sample size = 130. [53] You had better know that, all of you. See how the Louisiana Purchase led to the forcible removal of Indian tribes and fueled the slavery debate. Read our research on: Congress | Economy | Trust in Media, ReligionsGeographyTopics & QuestionsUser Guide, % of Catholics who are in Louisiana who are ages, Compare: In an established urban setting like New Orleans, men have similarly tended to be those who labored outside the home in the crafts previously noted, while women have been primary in the Domestic sphere. Although English is increasingly the dominant language among Creoles under forty, all these language varieties have been and are spoken in different Creole communities today. WebPopulation Area Map Acadia Parish: 001: Crowley: 1886: from part of St. Landry Parish. Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. "very important" in their own lives, and another 26% say it is The Louisiana Purchase, a vast acquisition of land for the country, included New Orleans and much of present-day Louisiana state, as well as most of the territory between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains. The Cajuns are a distinct cultural group of people who have lived mainly in south-central and Southwestern Louisia, LOCATION: Haiti Owing to the high ratio of slaves to Whites and the nature of slavery in the French/Spanish regimes, New Orleans today is culturally the most African of American cities. 2013, http://www.census.gov/newsroom/facts-for-features/2014/cb14-ff22.html. states -- including New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, and marital status among Catholics by statemarital status among adults in Louisiana by religious group, Compare: Prominent Jews in Louisiana's political leadership have included Whig (later Democrat) Judah P. Benjamin (18111884), who represented Louisiana in the U.S. Senate prior to the American Civil War and then became the Confederate Secretary of State; Democrat Adolph Meyer (18421908), Confederate Army officer who represented the state in the U.S. House from 1891 until his death in 1908; and Republican Secretary of State Jay Dardenne (1954). [28] Center for Applied Research in [16] [15] April 4, 2012. Mormon < 1%. http://nineteensixty-four.blogspot.com/2010/08/diversification.html(Note: Millennial = people born after 1982), [27] USCCB, Secretariat for Cultural views about size of government among Catholics by stateviews about size of government among adults in Louisiana by religious group, % of Catholics who are in Louisiana who say government aid to the poor, Compare: It is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts. In addition to the French settlers, many thousands of Germans arrived, settling on the river just above New Orleans on what became known as the German Coast. Read more about this topic: Louisiana, Culture, Never has any one been less a priest than Jesus, never a greater enemy of forms, which stifle religion under the pretext of protecting it. Clergy in the Archdiocese of New Orleans. Louisiana Creole bears parallel and possibly historical relations to similar Creoles spoken in the French Caribbean, French West African, and Indian Ocean areas. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. (Note that these data do not include the growing January, 2015. https://www.usccb.org/beliefs-and-teachings/vocations/consecrated-life/upload/Profession-Class-2014-report-FINAL.PDF, [42]https://nrvc.net/download_article/5570/nrvc-cultural-diversity-report-final-revised-2.pdf?view=true. generally found in the southern part of the country. the greatest percentage of Mormons. Childbearing is encouraged and families with an agrarian base are large by American standards. Views of Identity. Some of these "Creoles of color," as they were also sometimes called, owned slaves themselves and had their children educated in Europe. After falling to an all-time low in 2002, the publics confidence in organized religion is showing signs of restoration. Creole communities are found in downtown New Orleans neighborhoods; the plantation regions along the Mississippi River to the north and inland bayous, particularly Bayou Teche in Iberia, St. Martin, and St. Landry parishes; and the prairie region of southwest Louisiana, especially including Lafayette, St. Landry, Evangeline, and Calcasieu parishes. U.S. Census Bureau National Understand the culture you have, define the one you want and make your organizational identity a competitive advantage. Mormon < 1%. The stronghold of Creole speaking in southern Louisiana is the plantation region along Bayou Teche, where it is sometimes the first language of Whites as well as Blacks. CARA, Cultural (+1) 202-857-8562 | Fax Center of Applied Research in the The most significant of these is the Jewish community of the New Orleans area, with a pre-Katrina population of about 12,000. religious preference at all. CARA, Cultural Our state profiles bring you all key population characteristics of your state and your county on one page. residents are Mississippi (4%), Louisiana (5%), North Dakota (5%), Requested Catholic Church Statistics. In civilian labor force, total, percent of population age 16 years+, 2017-2021: 58.7%: In civilian labor force, female, percent of population age 16 years+, 2017-2021: 55.1%: Total accommodation and food services sales, 2017 ($1,000) 14,553,042: Total health care and social assistance receipts/revenue, 2017 ($1,000) 34,618,006 proportion of Catholics of any state in the nation, and Utah has POPULATION: About 1,485,832 Their expressive culture has been national and worldwide in impact. [1] The greatest overwhelmingly in the West. Creole landowners, independent grocers, dance hall operators, priests, and educators are power figures in rural Creole Communities. Catholic The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCBs) mission is to encounter the mercy of Christ and to accompany His people with joy. Men -- particularly white men-- are much less likely to attend church than are women of any race or ethnicity. United States Conference of Catholic Such respected men are usually public articulators of social control, upward mobility, Creole cultural equity, and relations to government entities. belief in heaven among Catholics by statebelief in heaven among adults in Louisiana by religious group, % of Catholics who are in Louisiana who in hell, Compare: WebThe high proportion and influence of the Catholic population makes Louisiana distinct among Southern states. Learn how to develop and engage employees to create an exceptional workplace and boost your business outcomes. Because Louisiana civil law derives in part from the Napoleonic Code, common-law marriage based on a period of cohabitation is generally accorded legal status. attributable to sampling and other random effects is 1 Thomas Jefferson, bought Louisiana from the French emperor Napoleon I. [10]Boston sample, one can say with 95% confidence that the maximum error The rural southwest portion of this region is also called "Cajun Country" or "Acadiana," names derived from the dominant presence of Cajuns, who were descended ancestrally from French-speaking Acadians of what is now Nova Scotia and were displaced to southern Louisiana in the mideighteenth century. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. to 2060. http://www.census.gov/population/projections/data/national/2014/summarytables.html, [24] U.S. Census Bureau.American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates, Protestants are concentrated in the northern and central parts of the state and in the northern tier of the Florida Parishes. In addition to the French settlers, many thousands of Germans arrived, settling on the river just above New Orleans on what became known as the German Coast. Trends. : Our Sunday Visitor, 2015, 427. Catholic Church in the United States Report, June 2014. Religious Beliefs. Center for Applied Research in Apostolate, The Class of 2015, Survey of Ordinands to the for Applied Research in the Apostolate, Emerging Models Cajun French is the most widely spoken French language variety throughout rural southern Louisiana. views about environmental protection among Catholics by stateviews about environmental protection among adults in Louisiana by religious group, % of Catholics who are in Louisiana who say humans, Compare: 2015 Catholic Ministry in Catholic Parishes, 2014. p. 27. Today, people in this dominantly African-French population have a range of ethnic styles and associations depending upon residence, family history, Economic status, and perceived ancestry. Spitzer, Nicholas R. (1984). Also called Gombo and couri-veni (for "to go"/"to come" in contrast to aller and venir of standard and dialectical French), various forms of French Creole originated from Contact pidgin language in the slave/plantation spheres of West Africa and the New World. Read more about this topic: Demographics Of Louisiana, Talk to me about the truth of religion and Ill listen gladly. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. ", [40] Center for Applied Research in In addition Catholic Directory 1965-2015, [5] USCCB, Secretariat for Cultural ." [17] Alternative Names Later came Guinean, Yoruba, Igbo, and Angolan Peoples. The Tourism has developed as an important component of the states economy, using the appeal of the antebellum past and the attraction of Creole cuisinea blend of French, Spanish, African American, and Native American dishes. Apostolate, The Class of 2015, Survey of Ordinands to the Our state profiles bring you all key population characteristics of your state and your county on one page. any religious affiliation beyond that; a significant proportion of At that time, there were 132 resident parishes, 97 missions, and 451 secular and religious priests. Diversity in the Catholic Church in the United States, The Class of 2015, Survey of Ordinands to the New Orleans and many smaller communities have been able to support the arts and philanthropic institutions. Among those eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Louisiana Creoles with African ancestry, a higher percentage than in the rest of the American South was freed from slavery in Louisiana, owing in part to French and Spanish attitudes toward acknowledgment of social and biological mingling. Chart. The word derives from the Latin creare (to create) and entered French via Portuguese crioulo in the slave/plantation sphere of West Africa and the tropical New World. In In rural culture and the arts, Louisiana more than holds its own. In 1762 Louisiana and New Orleans were ceded to Spain by a secret treaty that was to establish nearly four decades of Spanish rule and influence in the area. That year, the Diocese of Galveston had the fifth-largest Black Catholic population among United States dioceses. Although the ethnic meaning of Creole varies in Louisiana, its primary public association is now with people of African-French/Spanish ancestry. (Clive Staples), religion can only change when the emotions which fill it are changed; and the religion of personal fear remains nearly at the level of the savage.George Eliot [Mary Ann (or Marian), Louisiana Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority, Louisiana Constitutional Amendment 1 (2004), Louisiana High School Athletic Association, Louisianalafayette Ragin' Cajuns Baseball. RELIGION: Vodou; Roman Catholicism; Protestantism Talk to me about the duty of religion and Ill listen submissively. Catholic Directory 2015, General Summary. Information source: The Official Catholic Population: 45.6 m. Percent of US Population: 24%. Frequently Requested Catholic Church "Hispanic Ministry in Catholic Parishes, 2014, p. 8. https://www.usccb.org/issues-and-action/cultural-diversity/hispanic-latino/resources/upload/BC-NatlStudyParishesHM-Rep1-201405-2.pdf. religious attendance among Catholics by statereligious attendance among adults in Louisiana by religious group, % of Catholics who are in Louisiana who pray, Compare: Black Creole sections of varied class/caste affiliations are found in most southern Louisiana towns of any size. Population Projections, 2014. Census.gov; Voting and The states that are the As the Creole language expanded from the more limited pidgin form to become a mother tongue, it retained a mostly French lexicon, with African-influenced phonology and a restructured grammar not unlike that of other African-European Creole languages. Parish sheriffs and large landowners wield much political power. Senegalese Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. at least 1,000 interviews, allowing for a high degree of confidence WebPopulation Area Map Acadia Parish: 001: Crowley: 1886: from part of St. Landry Parish. Some country estimates differ for two reasons. "Spirit Guides and Possession in the New Orleans Black Spiritual Churches." Le Creole de Breaux Bridge, Louisiane. belief in existence of standards for right and wrong among Catholics by statebelief in existence of standards for right and wrong among adults in Louisiana by religious group, % of Catholics who are in Louisiana who read scripture, Compare: Some families appear to have African-rooted nicknames such as Nene, Soso, or Guinee. states range from 10 percentage points in the District of The most significant of these is the Jewish community of the New Orleans area, with a pre-Katrina population of about 12,000. All these Creole expressive cultural forms of festival and music (to which could be added Creole cuisine) have come to mark this African-Mediterranean cultural group as unique within America but related to other Creole societies in the Caribbean, South America, and West Africa. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. York and New Jersey have the highest proportion of Jews. The Creoles developed a distinctive architecture, art, and cuisine centred on New Orleans. level, and no state falls below 76% in attachment to Christianity. gender among Catholics by stategender among adults in Louisiana by religious group, % of Catholics who are in Louisiana who identify as, Compare: Learn how to use the CliftonStrengths assessment and strengths-based development to accomplish your goals. Judging from the identification of Black population in these parishes, probably one-third of the French speakers are Black Creoles. largest single religious denomination in the United States. Center U.S. Census Bureau, Projections Families clean, paint, and decorate the vaulted white, above-ground tombs that characterize the region. In New Orleans, these "free people of color" were part of the larger Creole (that is, not American) social order in a range of class settings from French slaves, laborers, and craftsmen to mercantilists and planters. Center for Applied Research in Kinship Terminology. There percentage point. 48% 52% Men Women 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%. Priesthood, 8. WebEarly Louisiana census reports used racial terms like multre and fmc (free man of color) to indicate Black Creoles, but modern population studies do not specifically identify Black Creoles. For instance, most of the early governors were French Creole Catholics. The data suggest that one of [52] Of these, the shotgun shows particular Louisiana characteristics that relate it to the dwellings in the Caribbean and West Africa. Other holdings, particularly on the prairies, derive from nineteenth-century settlement claims. Dame, 2009, 11. For example, Diversity, Office of Hispanic Affairs. By this we are all his disciples and his successors; by this he has laid the eternal foundation-stone of true religion; and if religion is essential to humanity, he has by this deserved the Divine rank the world has accorded him.Ernest Renan (18231892), Talk to me about the truth of religion and Ill listen gladly. randomly selected national adults, aged 18 and older, conducted in conducting surveys can introduce error or bias into the findings of . In the last two national yearly From Acadian French. While some Creoles run grocery and sundries stores, most people outside New Orleans neighborhoods or rural Creole settlements are not merchants. To a large exte, Culture Name WebDemographics of Louisiana. After Brazil, Mexico, and the Philippines, the US comprises of the worlds fourth-largest Catholic population. Chickens, ducks, pigs, cattle, and goats are found in plantation regions and prairie farmsteads. As social boundaries with African-Americans are increasingly blurred, marriage outside the Creole community in this direction can serve as an affirmation of connection to the Black American mainstream. Protestant. Creoles and creolization of cultural elements set much of the regional tone for southern Louisiana. 18.5% were born in the U.S. and 4.3% were born outside the U.S. averages, 1 in 10 Americans said they did not affiliate with any It is used by Creoles in prairie settlements of southwest Louisiana, though they may speak it with influence from French Creole. USCCB, Secretariat for Cultural Margins of sampling error for individual Kennedy & Get our latest insights on the topics that matter most to leaders around the world. Journal of American Folklore, 102(403):45-67. Catholic Population: 57.4 m Percent of US Population:23%. Diversity in the Church, as of 7/13/15. Of the linguistic varieties, this "old Louisiana French" is the least used, although some upper-caste plantation area and urban Creoles speak the language, and its elements are maintained through Catholic schools and French-speaking social clubs in New Orleans. 27 Apr. of their residents identifying as Christian -- Massachusetts (79%), to 2060. Idaho also The Official The first European known to have explored present-day Louisiana was the Spaniard Hernando de Soto in 1541, but it was the French who later colonized the region. Gallup data reveal that northeastern states have the greatest At roughly 22% of the population of the United States, Catholicism is the largest religious denomination in the country with approximately 77.4 million members as of 2017. When Louisiana became a French crown colony in 1731, its population had grown from fewer than 1,000 to nearly 8,000, including slaves. In southwestern Louisiana prairie farming regions, small settlements on ridges of high ground or pine forest "islands" may be entirely composed of descendants of Black Creoles who were freed or escaped from plantations to the east. LANGUAGE: Haitian Creole; French In civilian labor force, total, percent of population age 16 years+, 2017-2021: 58.7%: In civilian labor force, female, percent of population age 16 years+, 2017-2021: 55.1%: Total accommodation and food services sales, 2017 ($1,000) 14,553,042: Total health care and social assistance receipts/revenue, 2017 ($1,000) 34,618,006 New Orleans also has a professional mens basketball team (the Pelicans). 14% of these are vowed religious and 86% are other lay persons.57 _________________________________________________________________________________. In addition, social advancement and community support and expressive recreation is organized through associations such as Mardi Gras crews, Knights of Peter Klaver (Black Catholic men's society), burial societies, and, particularly in New Orleans, social aide and pleasure clubs. The largest denominations by number of adherents in 2000 were the Roman Catholic Church with 1,382,603; Southern Baptist Convention with 868,587; and the United Methodist Church with 160,153. CARA, Cultural Louisiana has produced a number of important literary figures, including Truman Capote and Ernest J. Gaines. [29] Pew Research Center. Encyclopedia.com. In rural plantation areas, Creoles may reside in rows of worker housing or in some cases in inherited owners' homes. Prominent Jews in Louisiana's political leadership have included Whig (later Democrat) Judah P. Benjamin (18111884), who represented Louisiana in the U.S. Senate prior to the American Civil War and then became the Confederate Secretary of State; Democrat Adolph Meyer (18421908), Confederate Army officer who represented the state in the U.S. House from 1891 until his death in 1908; Republican Secretary of State Jay Dardenne (1954), and Republican (Democrat prior to 2011) Attorney General Buddy Caldwell (1946). . Anno Domini 2015, P.J. Further, the long-term interaction with and dominance of Cajun French, as well as the larger assimilative tendency of English, have made Creole closer to Cajun French. Share. Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints < 1%. The name "Creole" has a polysemic history, and its meaning remains heavily context-bound to the present. CARA, Cultural The Catholic vote is one of the most sought after by the presidential candidates this year, for many reasons. ETHNONYMS: Afro-French, Black Creoles, Black French, Creoles, Croles, Croles Noirs, Creoles of Color. Today, the old association of "Creole" with strictly European populations of the ancien rgime is vestigialthough clung to by some Whites. WebCatholic 26%. Beyond the official dogma and structures of the Catholic church, a wide range of folk religious practices has flourished, drawing upon African influences, medieval Catholicism, African-American belief and ritual systems, and Native American medicinal and belief systems. [33] Center for Applied Research in WebGrowth of the Catholic population over the years: 4 1965. LOCATION: Gabon (western Central Africa) 81% of those Masses are in Spanish.54 The average number of people attending Mass on a typical weekend at a Catholic parish is 24%.556,269 parishes, or about 35.5%, serve a particular racial, ethnic, cultural or linguistic community other than Euro-American white Catholics. Some country estimates differ for two reasons. Particularly in New Orleans, middle-class Creoles have entered all layers of professional society, though discrimination remains a problem there and throughout the region. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. attendance at prayer groups among Catholics by stateattendance at prayer groups among adults in Louisiana by religious group, % of Catholics who are in Louisiana who meditate, Compare: Two percent of multiracial Americans are Buddhist, and 1% each are Jewish, Muslim, and Hindu. Although linked to Catholicism, Mardi Gras has pre-Christian roots which in turn combined with African and a variety of New World traditions to become the major celebratory occasion of the year. In Louisiana's Black Heritage, edited by Robert R. McDonald, John R. Kemp, and Edward E. Haas, 3-31. As a result of the internal cultural diversity and overlapping boundaries of group affiliation that characterize southern Louisiana society as a whole, Creole ethnic identity is particularly fluid and situation-derived. The United States is an overwhelmingly Christian nation. Jazz conjoins European melodies and performance occasions (cotillion, ball, military parade) with African sensibilities of rhythm, ritual/festival performance (originally slave gatherings in public squares), and style. A state-by-state analysis of religious affiliation confirms this The states with the lowest proportions of non-religious Named for the Acadians who settled the area. Royal charters covering the area had been granted, first to French merchant Antoine Crozat in 1712 and then in 1717 to the Scottish businessman John Law, whose Company of the West failed in 1720. Zydeco: Creole Music and Culture in Rural Louisiana. Rutherford, N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. of the Population by Sex, Hispanic Origin, and Race for the United States: 2015 The word may have African root forms, but in Louisiana folk etymology it is attributed to the proverbial phrase les haricots sont pas sales ("no salt in the beans") referring to hard times when no salt meat was available. In 1779 the Spanish wrested Baton Rouge from the British and took all of West Florida, which then extended from the peninsula westward across the Gulf Coast to the Mississippi River. 1975. The Super Bowl NFL championship game has been played on multiple occasions in New Orleans, and the Sugar Bowl of collegiate football is held there annually (generally early in January). Avuncular figures called nonc, often fictive uncles, are common in rural communities as sources of respected male wisdom and support. Southern Louisiana has the largest per capita Black Catholic population in the country. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Talk to me about the duty of religion and Ill listen submissively. Trends. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag. Catholic WebGender composition among Catholics who are in Louisiana. sources of guidance on right and wrong among Catholics by statesources of guidance on right and wrong among adults in Louisiana by religious group, % of Catholics who are in Louisiana who say, Compare: It is one room wide and two or more rooms long. [14] New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. Analyze and improve the experiences across your employee life cycle, so your people and organization can thrive. Archdiocesan priests. (Clive Staples), My religion is no garment to be put on and off with the weather. of the church is in Salt Lake City. [47] Census.gov; Voting and In some areas candlelit ceremonies are held. But dont come talking to me about the consolations of religion or I shall suspect that you dont understand.C.S. Requested Catholic Church Statistics. Various color terms, such as griffe, quadroon, and octoroon, were used in color/caste-conscious New Orleans to describe nineteenth-century Creoles of color in terms of social categories for race based on perceived ancestry. New Orleans: Louisiana State Museum. The basic Creole house, especially more elite plantation versions, has become a model for Louisiana suburban subdivisions. The U.S. Asian Pacific population with the largest number of Catholics is the Filipino community, followed by the Vietnamese, Chinese, Indian and Korean communities.12, 10% of ordinands in 2015 are of Asian or Pacific Islander background.13, Currently, there are 16 Asian Pacific Island bishops, three of whom are retired.14, Some 29.7 million are estimated to be Catholic, representing about 59% of the total Hispanic/Latino population.15, 64% of Hispanics who identify as Catholic attend church services regularly.16, There are 41 Hispanic bishops, 26 active and 15 retired.17, Total population of U.S. Hispanics: 56.8 million18, Percentage of U.S. population growth due to Hispanics between 20102014: 49%20, Percentage of U.S. Hispanic population under age 18: 32.3%21, Percentage of U.S. Hispanic population 18-64: 61.2%22, Percentage of U.S. Hispanic population age 65 or more: 6.4%23, Percentage of Hispanic population, native born: 65%24, Percentage of Hispanic population, foreign born:35%25, Percentage of U.S. Millennial Catholics who are Hispanic (born in 1982 or later): 54%26, Percentage of Catholics under age 18 who are Hispanic: 60%27, Percentage of U.S. Catholic population growth since 1960 (due to Hispanics): 71%28, Percentage of first-generation Hispanics who are Catholic: 69%29, Percentage of second-generation Hispanics who are Catholic: 59%30, Percentage of third-generation Hispanics who are Catholic: 40%31, Number of dioceses with formal structures serving Hispanic Catholics: 17232, Number of U.S. parishes with Hispanic ministry: 4,54433, Number of priests who are Hispanic in the U.S. Visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Diversity in the Catholic Church in the United States, June 2014, 5. For results based on this At that time, there were 132 resident parishes, 97 missions, and 451 secular and religious priests. 17.1% were born in the U.S. and 10.1% were born outside the U.S. 22.8% of Millennials (born in 1982 or later) self-identify as Catholic. WebReligion in Louisiana 62.0% of the people in Louisiana are religious: - 20.0% are Baptist - 0.6% are Episcopalian - 27.2% are Catholic - 0.4% are Lutheran - 4.2% are Methodist - 2.3% are Pentecostal - 0.4% are Presbyterian - 0.7% are Church of Jesus Christ - 5.7% are another Christian faith - 0.2% are Judaism - 0.2% are an eastern faith The updated 2010 Catholic population total (1,078,790,000) is slightly lower than the estimate published in the 2011 Global Christianity report (1,094,610,00). Many of Capotes earlier works were set in the South, while the bulk of Gainess novels were cast specifically in Louisiana. Increasing urbanization in employment venue and penetration of mainstream society with less gender-specific work roles is transforming the rural division of labor. 2005. Those householders giving charit then are invited to a communal supper. Probably the strongest carrier of African-based religious tradition in both Creole and non-Creole Black communities in New Orleans are the spiritual churches. At roughly 22% of the population of the United States, Catholicism is the largest religious denomination in the country with approximately 77.4 million members as of 2017. Guadeloupean of Ordinands to the Priesthood. affiliation vary considerably across the U.S. states. frequency feeling a sense of wonder about the universe among Catholics by statefrequency feeling a sense of wonder about the universe among adults in Louisiana by religious group, % of Catholics who are in Louisiana who say they look tomost for guidance on right and wrong, Compare: WebGender composition among Catholics who are in Louisiana.
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