After boiling it, it was blended and crushed using a blender. The greater the time of crushing the banana peel, the smoother it is. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. This means that the control unit is more luster than the experimental unit.Based on the result of mean smoothness scores of experimental and control unit as rated by 10 judges and subjecting this to an analysis of variance, the studies showed that there was no significant difference between the experimental and control unit in so far as smoothness is concerned Therefore, it was proven that in terms of the viability of banana peelings as an alternative to commercial linen paper, banana peel paper can be as effective as for commercial linen in terms of smoothness. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE. 00. In this study, A. actinomycetemcomitans was found to be more sensitive than P. gingivalis. Cavendish) fruits peel. Objective:Using parts of banana to cure diseases is a common practice for people in homeland of genus Musa. Different minutes, weights of banana peels and amount of water were tried and tested. iii List of Tables.. iv List of Figuresv Table of Contents.. vi CHAPTERS I. Retrieved from https://paperap.com/banana-peel-paper-as-alternative-to-linen-paper/. Keywords: Banana peel, biodegradable plastic, thermoplastic starch, tear resistance, Suggested Citation: Starch was extracted from the banana peel; then, it was hydrolyzed with a variation of hydrochloric acid solution (HCl) of 0.5 M (0, 2, 4 %-v/v Starch). Manual of Clinical Microbiology. The peel, which accounts for roughly one-third of the fruit's weight, is commonly discarded as waste in the food industry. Using a ladle, the banana peel mixture was spread over the moistened mesh. This result opens new avenues of researches to be done on clinical isolates of all periodontopathogens with different varieties of banana and its extracts. Time and Place of the Study The study is about the Banana (Musa balbisiana) Peels as alternative for the production of paper by the 10 Grade 12 STEM students of Juan R. Liwag Memorial High School. endobj 02 respectively. The success and completion of this research project would not have been made possible if not for those people who, in many ways, gave their utmost support and earnest inspiration and from whom the researchers owe countless, immense and infinite gratitude. Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technology, University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Hub Pendidikan Pagoh, KM 1, Jalan Panchor, 84600 Pagoh, Muar. D. Experimental1. 33 J52. L) on P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans. 10 with adjectival value of medium. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Computation results show that lusterity across treatment and not across judges are significantly different from each other with a probability value, p>0. New York: CRC Press; 2007. Hence, the aim of this study is to determine the antimicrobial activity of banana peel extract on Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A. actinomycetemcomitans). This study aimed to determine the Effectiveness of Banana Peelings as a Material for Special Paper. All the parts of banana are useful and it has great medicinal and tradition values in human health. Banana peel has a valuable potential as a natural adsorbent. 9th ed. Both P. ginigivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans showed sensitivity against an alcoholic extract of banana peel. This plant has long been a good source for high-quality textiles in many parts of the world, especially in Japan and Nepal. They were obtained from the in-house bacterial bank of Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology at Maratha Mandal's Nathajirao G. Halgekar Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Belgaum. [6] Banana peel is a waste product of banana,[5] and studies have shown that banana peel also has medicinal properties. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the India is an agricultural country. McDonnell G, Russell AD. 65 References; Related Papers . Additional materials, such as the best quotations, synonyms and word definitions to make your writing easier are also offered here. This study aimed to investigate the proximate composition, mineral content, . They are native to tropical South and Southeast Asia, and are likely to have been first domesticated in Papua New Guinea. wikipedia. 10, 19. government site. It can cure heart burns, stress, strokes, ulcers and many other ailments. The present study was carried out to use banana peels (Musa sapientum), duckweed (Lamna minor) and egg shell as an organic fertilizer. and 37.5g of mud has a burning time of 2 minutes. Dr EZEH E R N E S T MBAMALU, Peter Chinedu Agu, Journal of Materials Research and Technology, Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, Sunday Aduloju, Chidiebere S Metu, owolabi oluwasegun, Adane Haile, Gemeda Gebino, Tamrat Tesfaye, Horizon Research Publishing(HRPUB) Kevin Nelson, Usefulness of Banana (Musa paradisiaca) Wastes in Manufacturing of Bio-products: A Review, Banana Pseudo-Stem Fiber: Preparation, Characteristics, and Applications, Banana fibre -A potential source of sustainable textiles, Banana (Musa sp. Eighteen male rabbits were divided into six groups: P0, P1, P2, P3, P4, and P5 each consisting of three rabbits. Mashing process of banana peel is essential as banana peel should be brushed, lacerated, and pushed to expand the fibers. 2013[23] evaluated the antibacterial activity of three different color banana such as red, green, and yellow against ten clinical pathogens. In the present review, historical background , cultivar classification, beneficial phytochemicals, antioxidant activity and health benefits of bananas are discussed. Prepare the Peels. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> The .gov means its official. Essay, This writer never make an mistake for me always deliver long before due date. Standard strains of P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans were used in this study which was obtained from the in-house bacterial bank of Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology at Maratha Mandal's Nathajirao G. Halgekar Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre. ? The papers were cut into smaller sections. Banana (Musa paradisiaca, family Musaceae) is a central fruit crop of the tropical and subtropical regions of the world grown on about 8.8 million hectares . Will it be viable as an alternative to commercial linen paper? T1 (egg shell powder), T2 (wood ash), T3 (banana peel), T4 (used tea waste), T5 (egg shell tea) and T6 (control) used as organic fertilizers on growth and yield of two important vegetables i.e. Paper a thin material consisting of flat sheets made from pulped wood, cloth, or fiber. [5] All parts of banana plant such as flower, pulp, stem, and leaves have a medicinal application. %PDF-1.3 In different countries, about 300 varieties of bananas are grown, of which a vast majority are grown in tropical Asia . (Universal Journal of Chemistry, 2013) According to a study, banana peel can be an energy juice drink through the banana peel's compound who can act as an alternative energy juice . This study enlightens a new line of approach for further study of different types of banana peels against different periodontal pathogens. -There is no significant difference in the smoothness between the experimental and the control unit. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> 2I (2019): Ascendens Asia Journal of Multidisciplinary Research Abstracts. the major problems of non-adoption of fibre extraction technology is low recovery of fibres leading to high transport cost. The effect of using the banana peel in producing special papers was determined in the conducted study. xXKo6{ 1 0 obj Paper - a thin material consisting of flat sheets made from pulped wood, cloth, or fiber. [9], Serial broth dilution method was carried out to check the minimum inhibitory concentrations of alcohol extract of banana peel. While expanding, the outer layer of the fiber will be decomposed, and the In conclusion, this paper reviews the possibilities of converting banana fibre into Garment with spinning and blending possibilities. Set the Peels in a . Will it be cheaper to sue than the commercial paper? More than 50 different kinds of bananas are found in our country. The 50% of briquette charcoal that contains 37.5g of carbonized peelings. Definition of terms Banana peel the skin of a banana (especially when it is stripped off and discarded). Moreover, starch has potential as a raw material for biofilm or edible film production. Edwards BG. Table 2. Objective of the study The main objective of this study was to determine if banana peel paper is better than the commercial linen paper in terms of lusterity and smoothness. Additionally, they are readily available and accessible in most households. Preparation of the Treatment The small pieces of banana peelings and small pieces of paper with 125 ml of water, placed in a blender and was mixed for within 30 seconds until the mixture was uniformed. Awak) pseudo-stem and pseudo-stem tender core flours, Hypolipidemic Effects of Aqueous Extract of Three Cultivars of Musa sapientum Fruit Peel on Poloxamer-407 Induced Hyperlipidemic Wistar Rats, A review of the ethnomedicinal, antimicrobial, and phytochemical properties of Musa paradisiaca(plantain), Post-harvest Processing of Banana: Opportunities and Challenges, Bananas, raw materials for making processed food products, Banana: Awesome fruit crop for society (Review), The pharmacological potentials of Musa paradisiaca Linn, High valuable compounds from the unripe peel of several Musa species cultivated in Madeira Island (Portugal), Hypolipidemic effects of aqueous extract of three cultivars of musa saouentum fruit peel on poloxamer-407 induced hyperpidemic wistar rats, Root, Tuber, and Banana Textural Traits A Review of the Available Food Science and Consumer Preferences Literature, Study on the Potassium content of Nigerian Bananas and the Methanolic Extraction, Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Studies of Oils from Banana Peels, Properties ofIndonesian plantain cultivars during ripening and recommendation for flour ingredients, The evaluation of different banana bunch protection materials on selected banana cultivars for optimum fruit production and quality in Nampula Province, Mozambique, A Pilot Study of Nutritive Profile and Consumers Acceptability of Frozen Saba Crispy, Micropropagation and Field Performance of 'Malbhog' (Musa paradisiaca, AAB group): A Popular Banana Cultivar with High Keeping Quality of North East India, Fresh and Decayed Stem Juice of Musa acuminata x balbisiana (Musa paradisiaca) Reduce the Force and Rate of Contractility of an Isolated Perfused Rabbit Heart, Potentials of Musa Species Fruits against Oxidative Stress-Induced and Diet-Linked Chronic Diseases: In Vitro and In Vivo Implications of Micronutritional Factors and Dietary Secondary Metabolite Compounds, Effect of Particle Size on Cadmium Removal by Banana Peels, Identification by GC-MS of the Components of Oils of Banana Peels Extract, Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Analyses, Phytochemistry and Antimicrobial Activities of Different Varieties of Banana (Musa Acuminate) Peels Available in Quetta City, ASSESSMENT OF HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF MUSA PARADISICA LINN. Over 114 million metric tons of bananas are produced each year. METHODS The effect of using the banana peel in producing special . . The plates were then incubated for 1824 h at 37C in incubator. Mean comparison test revealed that experimental unit is significantly different from the control unit. 50 and high adjectival value. Musa acuminata- scientific name of banana. The data gathered were. endobj It is used in the production of banana paper. 05. The banana leaves and pseudostem showed carbon contents of 43.28 % and 38.92 %. Hence, this result suggested that alcoholic extract of banana peel showed antibacterial activity against P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Judges 3, 8, 9 and 10 have 2. 33 J102. Use: for writing and printing on, for wrapping things in, for covering walls. (Maria Kielmas, August 2011) Banana Fiber Textile Products Banana fibers such as flax, jute, hemp, and pineapple etc plant fibers. Under combustion, the wastes showed maximum release of energy at approximately 580 C and briquettes at 300 C. Ch 58. Sample-5: 20gm of fresh banana peel was added into 100ml of deionised water and boiled for 10 minutes. The farmers will get benefitted and it will directly contribute to our national economy. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms. Almost all modern edible parthenocarpic bananas come from two wild species Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana. An original and copyright research paper conducted by my group implementing on saving the environment by minimizing the waste of peels from the banana making it into a food wrapper which is edible and can be cooked. 022. This research focused on using the starch content from the mature banana peel to create a biofilm. To their classmates and friends who undoubtedly shared their ideas and comments to the project. 50High0. India is largest producer of banana in the world and it is grown almost all parts of the India. The distinction is purely arbitrary and the terms plantain and banana are sometimes interchangeable depending on their usage. Five-millimeter diameter hollow tube was used to prepare the wells on each plate. Gathering of Trashed Papers 25 3. 13 0 obj [9] Dilutions of alcoholic extract of banana peel have to be done with Thioglycollate broth for minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). Materials 10 B. Procedures.. 10 IV. 3 No. Mean comparison test revealed that experimental unit is significantly different from the control unit. The cutting of banana peels started from the peeling of bananas. help. Statement of the Problem The study was designed for the purpose of making a paper out of banana peel. Banana peels can be use as compost or fertilizer as- is but the nutrients they contain may be released more slowly and the benefits to your plants greatly reduced. Pacovan) Pseudostem Fibers are Composed of Varying Lignocellulosic Composition throughout the Diameter, Banana and its by-product utilization: an overview, Valorization and Miscellaneous Prospects of Waste Musa balbisiana Colla Pseudostem, FUTURE SCOPE OF MEDICAL BANANA FIBRE: A REVIEW, Banana: Awesome fruit crop for society (Review), Burns Inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus Healed by Leaf Sheath Extract of Pisang Ambon (Musa acuminata), Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites Some natural fibers used in polymer composites and their extraction processes: A review, Biomordants and new alternatives to the sustainable natural fiber dyeings, Study the Structure, Morphology, and Thermal Behavior of Banana Fiber and Its Charcoal Derivative from Selected Banana Varieties, The exchange of Musa spp. Related Literature This section presents the literatures which are relevant to the present study. . It has made them all season available. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> In well diffusion assay, results have shown a 15 mm and 12 mm inhibition zone of P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans, respectively, against the alcoholic extract of banana peel. Significantly reduces the fruit waste disposal in landfills and practices the waste-to-wealth concept. 149 Over-all2. Retrieved from d.researchbib/ Srinivasan, G.; Murugesan, P. (2016). The waste banana pseudostem biomass (WBPB) was also tried successfully as a natural filler in p Prakash Chidamabaram, Jesima Parvin, Vasanth Kumar, kani mozhi. 02 and 0. METHODS In this study, the efficacy of unripe banana peel extracts (100, 200 and 300 ppm) in stabilizing sunflower oil was tested under accelerated storage (65C) for a period of 24 days. you FOIA 50High0. The greater the time of boiling the banana peel, the finer the banana paper is. 50High0. stream Banana contains several bioactive compounds, such as phenolics, carotenoids, biogenic amines and phytosterols, which are highly desirable in the diet as they exert many positive effects on human health and well-being. 4 0 obj Dried ground banana peels were then extracted by maceration method and later were incorporated into thermoplastic starch (TPS) with eight different concentration of BP. In our study, we carried out well diffusion assay and serial broth dilution method to detect the antibacterial activity of alcoholic extract of banana peel. 5 0 obj 311. Traditional medicinal plant extracts and natural products with activity against oral bacteria: Potential application in the prevention and treatment of oral diseases. Mrs. Ruby Capelo for the display board. Banana fruits are excellent food supplements and its leaf is used as vegetable in different parts of India in diverse form. The pseudostem was characterized by carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen (CHN) analysis, thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis (TGDTA), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Control- Variables that do not receive any treatment.Experimental- The variables that receive treatment. In India ,juice is extracted from the corn and used as a home remedy for jaundices sometimes with the addition of honey and for kidney stones. The study showed that banana peeling and corn husk can be used as component materials in paper recycling. balbisiana, depending on their genomic constitution. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Cutting of Banana Peels.. 26 4. Some were brought by the reaserchers. Climate Technology Centre and Network (2016) stated that it is used as a domestic fuel for cooking and heating in many . 33 J42. They come in a variety of sizes and colors when ripe, including yellow, purple, and red. Banana peel is appreciated for its bioactive components, particularly the phenolic compounds. Minimum inhibitory concentration value of banana peel extract and 70% isopropyl alcohol against Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) in g/ml, Minimum inhibitory concentration value of banana peel extract and 70% isopropyl alcohol against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) in g/ml, The consumption of banana is good because of its nutritional value. The microorganisms used in the study were standard strains of P. gingivalis (ATCC 33277) and A. actinomycetemcomitans (ATCC 43718). Girish HV, Satish S. Antibacterial activity of important medicinal plants on human pathogenic bacteria A comparative analysis. 50. Musa acuminata scientific name of banana. Banana fibres have scope for export also. 06 and 31. Dried banana peels have 30-40% tannin content. DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2023.110715 Corpus ID: 258229897; Removal of Methylene Blue using Heterogeneous Fenton Process with Fe Impregnated Kepok Banana (Musa acuminate L.) Peel Activated Carbon as Catalyst However in India, we still use traditional practice for treatment of various diseases since Vedic period. It makes bananas abundant in the Philippines because of its tropical climate. It's year round availability and affordability, has good market potential. Established parameters such as peroxide value (PV), iodine value (IV), p-anisidine value (p-AnV), total oxidation value (TOTOX), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and free fatty acid (FFA) content were used to assess the extent of oil deterioration. It is possibly the world's oldest cultivated crop . The possibilities of using non conventional natural fibres in regular basis need to be explored. Molding the Mixture. It is one of the oldest cultivated plants. In past, there are studies that show banana plant parts, and their fruits can be used to treat the human diseases. Comparison of Inhibition zone of Banana peel extract and 70% Isopropyl alcohol against Pg and Aa in mm. Researchers have done studies demonstrating the antimicrobial activity of banana peel against various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria,[7] but none of them were done on the periodontal pathogens. Banana peel is a part of banana fruit that also has the antibacterial activity against microorganisms but has not been studied extensively. Mean Smoothness Scores of ten Judges. At present, other companIies make the limited application of banana fiber ,for example, in making ropes, mats, and some other fields such as the composite materials. previous study, banana peduncle portion produced pulp with kappa number 16 at 22% active alkali charge, while leaf stalk and pseudo stem reached to kappa number 24 and 25 at the This seasonless banana tree not only having edible fruit and it can also be used for the purpose of fibre extraction. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies 13 V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Summary and Conclusion .. 18 Recommendation 19 BIBLIOGRAPHY 20 APPENDIX i Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Background of the study Paper is one of the major materials used nowadays in schools, offices, etc. re all made up of thick walled cell tissue and they are bonded together by natural gums and support the branches, stems, leaves and fruits. Novak FR, de Almeida JA, de Souza e Silva R. Banana peel: A possible source of infection in the treatment of nipple fissures. See all articles by Nur Athirah Huzaisham, This page was processed by aws-apollo-l2 in. The old scientific names Musa sapientum and Musa paradisiaca are no longer used Banana is also used to describe Enset and Fei bananas, neither of which belong to the aforementioned species.Enset bananas belong to the genus Ensete while the taxonomy of Fei-type cultivars is uncertain. Evaluation study on Nigerian species of Musa paradisiac peels: Phytochemical screening, proximate analysis, mineral composition and antimicrobial activities. The Researchers ABSTRACT This research study aimed to investigate the viability of banana peel paper as a alternative to commercial linen paper.The study used experimental and control unit and which was visually judge and rated according to a three-point scale, 1-Low; 2-Meduim; and 3-High as regards to luster and smoothness. Fibre content is high, in the 50-70% DM range for NDF and about 30-40% DM for ADF. One advantage of using banana peel as rolling paper is its eco-friendliness. WHOLE PLANT EXTRACT AGAINST CARBON TETRACHLORIDE INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY IN WISTAR RATS, Etnobotanical Study on Banana in Karangwangi Village, Cianjur District, West Java, Aktivitas Antibakteri dan Uji Fitokimia Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder dari Limbah Kulit Pisang Kepok (Musa acuminata x balbisiana), Kulit Pisang Uli (Musa Paradisiaca Sapientum), dan Kulit Pisang Nangka (Musa sp L). In terms of biodegradability, banana peel-based biodegradable plastic degraded much faster with average percentage of weight loss of 65.1% than that of the commercial biodegradable plastic with only average percentage of weight loss of 29.5% within the period of eight weeks. The briquettes of pseudostem and leaves presented . <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> Researchers. Banana peel extract composition and method for extraction. 33 J21. 60 with an adjectival value of low.While the mean value of the control unit is 2. 10 0 obj After it is cut, it was poured by water and boiled. The gathered data would motivate them and help them to conduct further researches in line with this study. It is either eaten raw or processed, and also as a functional ingredient in various food products. Table 3. 800. .. 16 7. ? pp. Scopes and Delimitation This study is focused mainly on the use of banana peelings in the production of paper. Saba banana, a popular fruit crop grown in Southeast Asia, is an economical source of a variety of beneficial agents. Roger Rumpon, Professor CSU Carig Tuguegarao, for having shared his expertise in the statistics of the data. Rinse it directly under the sun or above the root so that it will not consume much time to dry the paper. To overcome this problem, an eco-friendly type of special paper is made from banana peel to reduce the cutting of trees that will prevent landslide and floods in Trapiche Elementary School. Furthermore, bioplastic of 10 wt.% BP withstand the highest tear resistance up to 66.388 N/mm. Banana used for the study was authenticated by the Indian Council of Medical Research Centre, Belgaum (RMRC 1277). Unlike traditional papers that are made from trees, banana peels are biodegradable and can be composted after use. van Winkelhoff AJ, Loos BG, van der Reijden WA, van der Velden U. Palombo EA. wrapping paper is the paper made of banana peel waste within the additive cinnamon of 2%, containing pH of 6.95, the water content of 7 . In serial broth dilution method P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans were sensitive until 31.25 g/ml dilutions. 0 and adjectival value of low. Mrs. Marie Jane F. Angeles, Research Adviser for her ideas and untiring efforts and unspeakable patience for the success of the project.Her increasing guidance and for worthy suggestions that served as their challenge to finish the project to its finest. A control formulation with wheat flour was also prepared. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> 30, 0,61, 76. COMPARATIVE STUDY OF STARCH-BASED BIOPLASTIC FROM BANANA (Musa acuminata) PEEL (SBB) INCORPORATED WITH COMMERCIALIZED AND EXTRACTED CHITIN MARK KHEVIN L. DE GUZMAN APRIL JIEREN R. MUSKA THESIS Department of Chemical Engineering College of Engineering MARIANO MARCOS STATE UNIVERSITY City of Batac 2906 Ilocos Norte June 2022 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH The author, Mark Khevin L. De Guzman was born on . 1 0 obj endobj Banana processing is a boon of science and technology with multiple benefits. This also shows the difference of the specific bananas used. 33 J92. Am telling you man this writer is absolutely the best. 4 Significance of the Study 4 Scope and Delimitation of the Study. 33 J72. cv. The grown fungus were identified by morphological characteristics & Lactophenol staining and the antifungal activity of the extract of banana peel powder and ash . There is a significant difference in the smoothness between the experimental and the control unit. (Department of Chemical College of Advance Professional Studies, Makurdi ).In another studies made, Musa sapientum prevent anaemia by stimulating the production of haemoglobin in the blood. [18] It is mainly associated with adult periodontitis, acute periodontal abscess, and failure of the regenerative procedure. Specifically, it aimed to answer the following questions. Banana extract showed highest antibacterial activity against both M. catarrhalis and S. aureus followed by S. pyogenes, E. aerogenes, and K. pneumoniae and no effect against E. coli and C. albicans. To further improve the study, we want to recommend the following:Slice the banana bark into tinier pieces so that it easy to be crushed in the blender. Singh et al. International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), 11(4), 2020, 0 mean score and medium adjectival value. We'll not send }. This homogenized mixture or slurry was left at room temperature for about 48 h. As the reaction continued, the yellow transparent liquid turned to amber and later to an opaque black liquid that served as the indicator for completion of the reaction. [19] Both the bacterial strains showed sensitivity against an alcoholic extract of banana peel in the current study. Kudan reported that the peels in conjunction with other substances create a liniment for reducing the acuteness of the arthritis, aches and pains. The data gathered were analyzed using the Two-way Analysis of Variance and Comparison Mean Test. Suggested Citation, Faculty of Engineering TechnologyUniversiti Tun Hussein Onn MalaysiaPagoh, Muar, 84600, Subscribe to this fee journal for more curated articles on this topic, Innovation & Organizational Behavior eJournal, Chemical Engineering (Engineering) eJournal, Chemical Engineering (Chemistry) eJournal, Agricultural Food Science, Animal Food Science, & Aquaculture eJournal, We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content. burned charcoal. Mrs. LeonidaCabrido, Critic teacher for editing and putting this into final paper. Today, with the increasing number of calamities, trees must be preserved to avoid flood, instead of cutting down trees for providing paper, there is a need to search and design a wise and cheap alternativesource of paper.The use of botanical materials is increasingly gaining popularity as strategic approach toward a sustainable environment and production of safe materials.

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