Participatory agenda setting is therefore, as deliberative democracy is in general, a normative project. Quotes that at least partially related to the research question and large enough to provide sufficient context were extracted and comprised in a database, where preliminary categories were assigned. Open research agenda setting., Gudowsky N, Peissl W (2016) Human centred science and technologytransdisciplinary foresight and co-creation as tools for active needs-based innovation governance. Thus, it makes sense to account for how this process of agenda-setting and the tools policymakers use to manage agenda-setting against these two broad styles. Methods: We reviewed the healthcare literature and, using a modified Delphi technique to embrace both patient and clinician perspectives, conducted an iterative online survey, with 30 experts in health communication. Clearly, organisers participatory skills play a major role, especially with regard to the co-creation of knowledge. Politically neutral boundary organisations can also foster the growth of networks between diverse social groups and therefore foster collaboration [81]. The modest contribution here has been to think of ways that the vast array of practices deployed by government to manage policy demands assuming that limited time, resources and attention, mean that they will ideally seek to filter out some demands might be systematically organized. 331-344, Anticipating and designing for policy effectiveness, Unpacking policy portfolios: Primary and secondary aspects of tool use in policy mixes, Interest niches and policy bandwagons: Patterns of interest group involvement in national politics, Reconsidering policy feedback: How policies affect politics, Interest Group Strategies: Navigating Between Privileged Access and Strategies of Pressure. Google Scholar, Wittmayer JM, Schpke N (2014) Action, research and participation: roles of researchers in sustainability transitions. The broad point here is that policy input from civil society is tightly bound with our understanding of the flows of non (and partially) policy-dedicated actors into and then out of lobbying populations. Georghiou L, Cassingena Harper J (2011) From priority-setting to articulation of demand: foresight for research and innovation policy and strategy. Do these vary across policy sectors? However, the inclusion of laypeople into futures studies and foresight in general, and into forward-looking STI governance in particular, is underexplored. Sci Technol Hum Values 35(4):444473, Devonshire IM, Hathway GJ (2014) Overcoming the barriers to greater public engagement. First, the diverse contributions are summarised to provide readers with an overview. For instance, defining a problem in a particular way, and attributing blame to particular agents or processes, is a central mechanism through which policymakers set the scope for a consultation, taskforce or inquiry. Second, the above discussion assumes a constant even overwhelming supply of policy grievances which government needs to constantly manage. Actors within more basic research-oriented fields, e.g. Schroth et al. Eur J Futur Res 8(1):2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40309-020-0162-3, Rosa AB, Kimpeler S, Schirrmeister E, Warnke P (2021b) Participatory foresight and reflexive innovation: setting policy goals and developing strategies in a bottom-up, mission-oriented, sustainable way. Participatory agenda setting inserts public opinion further upstream, at an earlier stage than priority setting. The applied exploratory study with inductive category development [76] allowed categories to emerge from the data. Sci Eng Ethics 26(2):533574. Technol Forecast Soc Chang 115:313326. Recent work has gone as far to designate narrative as policy tools (Crow & James, Citation2018), yet this work specifically concerns explaining variation in how the public consumes (and believes) some messages and not others. Whilst all PASE exercises explored in this topical collection had other primary aims, successful science communication was noted in some of the cases. Google Scholar. Health research priority setting is arguably required by the judiciary when state interests are at stake, for example in the promotion of health equity [49]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2019.01.002, Nikolova B (2013) The rise and promise of participatory foresight. Eur J Futur Res 8(1):10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40309-020-00169-6, Schroth F, Glatte H, Kaiser S, Heidingsfelder M (2020) Participatory agenda setting as a process of people, ambassadors and translation: a case study of participatory agenda setting in rural areas. These specific points can be mapped more generally onto the way government might approach managing its agenda. What are the institutional pre-requisites need to pursue strategies presented in Table 1? First, it offers one possible way to typologise agenda-setting instruments deployed by government to manage external demands (we do not attempt to catalogue the instruments or strategies that groups might use to shape the agenda, or to avoid or evade these governmental tools). 1: CREATE A COMPLETE LIST OF CONCERNS. This argument is in line with Bora and Hausendorf [41] who critiqued participatory science governance, and Stilgoe et al. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429442643, Amanatidou E, Butter M, Carabias V, Konnola T, Leis M, Saritas O, Schaper-Rinkel P, van Rij V (2012) On concepts and methods in horizon scanning: lessons from initiating policy dialogues on emerging issues. An empirical analysis of power in transdisciplinary sustainability research. help understand language choices. EuropeanCommission. PE in the natural sciences often comes in form of citizen science, which primarily focusses on science communication or the involvement in data collection [60, 61]. Pagliarino et al. Sci Public Policy 33(7):478488. Recent research in this vein has focused not only on the choice of individual tools (see e.g. Rosa et al. (a) Democracy: counteracting a crisis of representative democracy by alleviating the general lack of transparency of political processes by involving the public more directly, ensuring a consideration of different opinions; (b) function: improving effectiveness of decisions on controversial issues when disagreement exists within scientific communities on a magnitude of problems and their solutions whilst public trust in experts simultaneously declines; (c) normativity: the moral obligation of involving a wider public in decisions on matters of public interest. The bias is because the media chooses for the people what is more vital, based on the prominence of the reports. A comprehensive range of skills and resources is needed for the management of co-creation processes [82] which are often open-ended and therefore greatly dependent on the availability of financial resources [79]. And it is not only the lack of financial resources alone that hampers successful co-creation in the STI context but also missing incentives and reward systems which allow researchers to engage in such activities without the fear of losing in academic merits or career opportunities [79]. Nonetheless, when such priority setting takes place, important framing decisions have already been taken. Within this nascent strand of the policy instruments literature, scholars aim to understand the instruments predominantly procedural that government uses to shape the issues that it has to address (in terms of both volume and content) (see Howlett & Shivakoti, Citation2014). Health Policy 91(3):219228. Moreover, Cobb & Ross (Citation1997, p. 906) refer to the tendency for older items to stick on the agenda, and the difficulty in displacing them. Boussaguet L (2015) Participatory mechanisms as symbolic policy instruments? Thus, the emphasis is on what policymakers can deploy. What would this look like for policymakers deploying sets of agenda-setting instruments in specific policy contexts? the distinction between substantive and procedural policy tools. Terms and Conditions, Orienting research and innovation is a complex task in itself, and respective agenda setting processes have traditionally been expert-driven because scientific knowledge has long been considered the only appropriate form of knowledge for, e.g. For policymakers, it is a process to effectively control or manage what issues gain government attention (and thereafter may be subject to government action). A particular concern for the agenda-setting tools or instruments literature is how policymakers manage the passage of an issue from the broad universe of potential issues the agenda universe to the smaller subset of issues that make it onto the government issue agenda the institutional agenda (Cobb & Elder, Citation1983). This process of agenda-setting further occurs on three levels, each of which can affect how the . Enhancing reflexivity is an often-mentioned benefit of PASE activities. Here, the question of whom to engage in such settings has evolved considerably over the years, whilst the triple helix has long been the main model for a reflexive innovation system, involving academia, industry and governments [18]. SAGE Open 4(1):2158244014523791, Abma TA (2018) Dialogue and deliberation: new approaches to including patients in setting health and healthcare research agendas. In their work on agenda-setting, Cobb and Elder (Citation1983) explain that political elites will sometimes mobilize publics in order to generate support for their own preferred agendas so-called internal mobilization. Once we recognise that government is under pressure from external interests when setting its agenda, the question arises as to how they might seek to manage it? For decades, scholars and civil society institutions have called for increased public participation in STI, and political institutions have been taking up the request . [85], too, observed mutual learning between experts, practitioners and lay audiences on substantive research topics. framing research agendas. An example of this is seeing a sensational or scandalous story at the top of a broadcast as opposed to a story that happened more recently or one that affects . Abstract This chapter presents the various phases and questions concerning policy agenda setting. [85] conclude that the examined PASE exercise created reflection on and momentum for pressing research needs. Here, a very early point of engagement can be found within the constituting phase of research agendas as topics, general lines of enquiry, and targets are shaped in this phase. Other fields that frequently act as organisers of agenda setting activities, e.g. Conveying the argument of favouring public engagement in agenda-setting, participation (a) helps to democratise the research arena dominated by an elite, making research funding decisions more transparent; (b) contributes to better understand societal impact of and a need towards science and technology, thus producing better decisions whilst increasing public trust in science; and (c) fulfils the moral obligation of involving the public into guiding decisions of distributing tax-money for research and innovation which may concern public and individual lives. In that context, creating regular systems of policy review can help to build new communities around the imposed agenda. The theory is important in agenda setting because of the. Since research has also faced repeated requests towards taking on more responsibility for solving societal problems, engagement processes thus help in shaping research. This paper aims to explore the role of political parties in the agenda-setting in the context of Multiple streams approach (MSA), and thus to contribute to its theoretical development . An advantage of new media, however, is that people can publish their own information online, leading to a range of alternative news networks emerging, especially on YouTube. Hinrichs and Johnston [81] assess two PASE exercises for future-oriented education and health governance taking place within a specifically designed workshop space (the decision theatre), aimed at fostering informed decision-making. Contextualisation of research by fostering systems thinking is described as another benefit of PASE activities. Document analysis is a form of qualitative research in which documents are interpreted by the researcher to give voice and meaning around an assessment topic (Bowen, 2009). In particular, guided by the literature from agenda setting, attitude strength, and the hierarchy of effects, the analysis tested hypotheses about the relationships among media coverage, public. There is inadequate theoretical and empirical attention paid to the role of policy tools in other stages of the policymaking especially in managing policy demands (Howlett, Citation2019). For instance, Halpin (Citation2002) notes, often after imposing an agenda, government swiftly moves to a set of instruments that routinise a (revised) community around the new policy settings. [80] support this and go further by stating that this adaptation of issues through translation, comparison, categorisation, and combination should be subject to close scrutiny, especially where different actor groups such as laypeople and experts are concerned. Registered in England & Wales No. Agenda Advantages Agendas convey important information to meeting participants, including goals, attendee responsibilities and topics of discussion. https://doi.org/10.5771/9783748907275, Book Diversifying stakeholder dialogues and enabling citizens to demonstrate greater agency enhances reflexive capacities [80]. Recent empirical evidence from comparing citizen-driven STI agenda setting with expert-based foresight studies strengthens this claim [73, 74]. Health Expect 18(6):24492464. Stanford University Press, Stanford, Jasanoff S (2003) Technologies of humility: citizen participation in governing science. This is also referred to as open coding in grounded theory [78], aimed at at a true description without bias owing to the preconceptions of the researcher, an understanding of the material in terms of the material [76]. (2017). 176-87. The third possibility is to use the typology as a basis to develop propositions and hypothesis which can foster more empirical work and theoretical treatment of the role of procedural policy tools in the agenda-setting phase of the policy process. The author declares that he has no competing interests. [31], however, describe a gradual and incomplete shift from understanding to engagement, or, in short, from deficit to dialogue. Stilgoe et al. https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243904271724, Manaf E, Petermann L, Vandall-Walker V, Mason-Lai P (2018) Patient and public engagement in priority setting: a systematic rapid review of the literature. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11569-017-0284-7, Krabbenborg L, Mulder HAJ (2015) Upstream public engagement in nanotechnology. So, in this view, tools such as these are a curse to government, bogging it down in recurring issues and not allowing it space for new ideas. Here are some prominent advantages of agenda-setting: Generates awareness: Agenda-setting can be beneficial as it highlights important societal issues by actively discussing them. The rest of the paper is organised as follows. the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. The authors identify fields of action with opportunities to strengthen innovation, and describe how networks of local and national actors facilitated their integration into regional planning processes. Eur J Futur Res 8(1):6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40309-020-00165-w, Fritz L, Binder CR (2020) Whose knowledge, whose values? Matschoss et al. Other communication theories that can also gain benefit from gatekeeping includes framing (Breed, 1955) etc. There is substantial fluidity for public servants to handle in this process. The term was first used by McCombs and Shaw in 1972 to refer to the mass media as laying emphasis on certain . setting the agenda phrase. Aiming at producing sustainable strategies for responsible socio-technical change, research funding can benefit from combining forward-looking and public participation to elicit socially robust knowledge by consulting with multi-actors, including citizens [75]. The literature has identified that groups may well pursue such an approach when they are denied inside access, lack standing or status with policymakers, or hold views or purposes which policymakers simply cannot abide (see discussion in Maloney, Jordan, & McLaughlin, Citation1994). agenda-setting by focussing on the use of agenda-setting models and by applying it to physical education and school sport and the policy agenda of the national government. As Richardson (Citation2018) has recently re-stated, governments do not always ask nicely and seek consensus for change, they may simply impose preferred options. Causal logics and mechanisms in policy design: How and why adopting a mechanistic perspective can improve policy design, The knowns and unknowns of policy instrument analysis: Policy tools and the current research agenda on policy mixes, How policy instruments are chosen: Patterns of decision makers choices, Designing policy robustness: Outputs and processes, Narratives as tools for influencing policy change, The visible hand of the state: On the organization development of interest groups, Interest groups and (re)establishing stability in policy making: The case of the NSW farmers association and the native vegetation conservation act, Explaining policy bandwagons: Organized interest mobilization and cascades of attention, Interest groups and agenda-setting styles, Outside the issue niche: The multidimensionality of interest group identity, The rise and fall of social problems: A public arenas model, Intellectual obsolescence and intellectual makeovers: Reflections on the tools of government after two decades, Issue-Attention and punctuated equilibria models reconsidered: An empirical examination of the dynamics of agenda-setting in Canada, Managing the hollow state: Procedural policy instruments and modern governance, From tools to toolkits in policy design studies: The new design orientation towards policy formulation research, Agenda-Setting tools: State-driven agenda activity from government relations to scenario forecasting, Paper Presented at ECPR General Conference 2014. Science and Public Policy, Pratt B, Merritt M, Hyder AA (2016) Towards deep inclusion for equity-oriented health research priority-setting: a working model. [34] who discuss intra-personal relations in public engagement and conclude that building such networks contributes to the notion of capacity building, and should be seen as a major effect. The integration of organised stakeholders interests has, of course, a long tradition (e.g. NanoEthics 10(1):6374. Providing spaces for co-creation and bringing together various actor groups allowed for the co-design of a future research agenda which focused on how to solve real-life societal questions, for instance by exploring emergency usages, behaviours and market opportunities based on societal and user needs [79]. Den Haag, RMNO (Advisory Council for Spatial Planning, Nature and the Environment), Sotoudeh M, Gudowsky N (2018) Participatory foresight for technology assessment - towards an evaluation approach for knowledge co-creation. It also allows governments to exploit the routine and traditions of existing political institutions what Hilgartner and Bosk (Citation1981) refer to as institutional rhythm which dictate the recurrence of an issue onto the agenda at regular intervals. https://doi.org/10.3152/147154306781778740, Rask M (2013) The tragedy of citizen deliberation two cases of participatory technology assessment. 2. Agenda-setting is the theory that the news media shapes how viewers perceive politics and, ultimately, how they vote. Technol Forecast Soc Chang 75(4):483495. This involvement can redress power imbalances in health research agenda setting [53]. Policy tools or instruments a set of techniques by which governmental authorities wield power in attempting to support and effect change (Vedung, Citation1997) are central to the policy sciences. Of course, this typology is not perfect. Since health research has been, until today, the most prominent scientific field that applies participatory agenda setting, taking a closer look at the abovementioned arguments is essential. The first is that the media filters and shapes what we see rather than just reflecting stories to the audience. It is a reasonable assumption to make that tools to manage policy demands vary in their complexity (e.g. Whilst knowledge integration is uncontested, the authors nevertheless state that much less is known about the how, which is in line with previous findings regarding the often prevalent implicitness of knowledge on knowledge integration [4]. Evaluations, for instance of the criteria used to take such decisions, show mixed results as well as possible bias regarding who presented the proposal [51]. [85] state that a better alignment with societal values and demands is essential to gaining more democratic legitimacy, beyond expert- or technology-driven processes. foresight, or public actors such as non-governmental organisations (NGOs), may benefit from increased attention towards reflexivity and transparency of inherent normativity. Others such as Matschoss et al. The subsequent section presents an overview of the tools approach to public policy, and situates the contribution of this paper to the special issue. Before there is space to consider a proactive or even reforming agenda, the space is easily populated by existing, and recurring, items. Permission is granted subject to the terms of the License under which the work was published. Liberating and expanding the agenda. In summary, research agendas are increasingly becoming the target of multi-actor engagement processes aiming at integrating a broader base of information by considering other forms of knowledge [70]. Klagenfurt, Hsieh H-F, Shannon SE (2005) Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Finally, it has been described that PASE activities have transformative capacities, e.g. For instance, governments will regularly underwrite the capacity of groups via placing staff on secondment in group secretariats or providing project funding for specific tasks. In brief, the study of agenda setting concerns the ranking of government priorities. [80] highlight how citizens input into holistic, systemic and transdisciplinary research displays high embeddedness into local, cultural, and social context. In order to make up and shape the segments of messages into a complete information by gatekeeping, it always involves the choice of words. This instrument can be partial. Examples of these are tools such as consultations, working groups or consultative committees. Referring to the concept of undone science [56], the authors show that several research questions emerged during the PASE, which are largely ignored by health research. https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scs017, Brummer V, Knnl T, Salo A (2008) Foresight within ERA-NETs: experiences from the preparation of an international research program. Abstract. Sci Eng Ethics 23(1):119. Advantages: There are six advantages to working in a group: 1. The changing British policy style: From governance to government? Objective: To establish consensus on the core domains of agenda setting in consultations. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40309-021-00177-0, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40309-021-00177-0. Here, mutual learning is built on a common understanding of an issue and a prerequisite for meaningful deliberations in participatory agenda setting [53]. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662506071287, Wynne B (1996) In: Lash S, Szerszynski B, Wynne B (eds) May the sheep safely graze? [48] provide the following review: Involving patients at an early stage of research policy increases the chances of successful implementation of innovations, which increases quality and legitimacy of research policies (the democracy argument); patients require valuable experiential knowledge when dealing with their condition and its consequences that complements scientific and biomedical knowledge (the functional (substantial) argument); they have the moral right to engage in decision-making on research policy since they are affected by it (the normative argument). Register to receive personalised research and resources by email. [82] describe a participatory agenda setting process aimed at integrating the needs of rural areas into research and innovation processes. Sci Technol Hum Values 37(5):506527, Krzywoszynska A, Matt W, Buckley A, Chiles P, Gregson N, Holmes H, Mawyin J (2018) Opening up the participation laboratory: the cocreation of publics and futures in upstream participation. To some extent, such settings emerge from conditions prescribed by the funding body of the PASE activity, resulting in limited accountability of the dominant groups [83]. Sci Public Policy 46(5):702709. PASE activities show the possibility of harnessing diversity by combining a multiplicity of views emerging from a diverse group of participants [79] whilst negotiating knowledge between science, policy, and the public. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-019-00167-3, Weber KM, Amanatidou E, Erdmann L, Nieminen M (2016) Research and innovation futures: exploring new ways of doing and organizing knowledge creation. Firstly, media agenda is the issues discussed in the media. Kingdon: Theory of Multiple Streams Explains why some issues reach the agenda and are prominent and others are not.

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