Lindberg The ATR/RTR contrast in Nande JD42 is also suggested by the harmonic behaviour and acoustic characteristics of vowels. Paper presented at West African Phonology Group, London, 28th April, 2011. (eds. Since the Bantu languages have received very extensive historical analysis, this group of languages also provides a fertile field for examining inferences about the nature of phonetic sound change. Roux Bokamba, E. G. Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation, 885889. Wesi Cambridge; Oxford: Blackwell. (2007) Unresolved Issues in the Representation and Phonetic Description of Click Articulation in Xhosa and Zulu. A. A variety of tonal systems are found in Bantu languages; tone may carry a lexical or grammatical function. Traill, A. Pascoe Spreafico, L. 1992). In , Herman, R. & New York: Routledge. (1989) Dental and Alveolar Stops in KiMvita Swahili: An Electropalatographic Study. , D. Sezer Leiden: Leiden University, PhD dissertation. S. & 133(2): 10431054. Source: Recording made by Peter Ladefoged in 1979 and archived at the UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive (. , Oxford: Clarendon Press. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Figure 3.5 Doke, C. M. Faytak, M. Prinsloo, D. J. Table 3.1 Kalanga S16 vowel formant means according to measurements by done the first author. Louwrens Mumba The front closure for dental clicks is formed earlier and held longer (about 105 ms) than that for post-alveolar or lateral clicks (about 80 ms). The special phonetic interest of consonantal nasality in the Bantu languages involves principally the prenasalised segments and the realisation of voiceless nasals. Kolossa Sands (2015) Mid Vowel Assimilation in siSwati. Thanassoula For this reason it is possible to examine on a general basis certain features of the class system of these languages that is involved in the use of concord. South-West and South-East Bantu languages with clicks. There are different types of downstep attested in some Bantu languages. & New Haven: Yale University, PhD dissertation. Blench, R. 2017); from Nguni (primarily Zulu S42), they subsequently spread into other SEB languages (Letele 1945, Bailey 1995). (1988) Speaker Variation and Phonation Type in Tsonga. & Rueck, M. J. There are several hundred Bantu languages. (1981) A Handbook of the Venda Language. S. For an ordinary pulmonic stop, peak pressure behind the closure ranges between about 5 and 20 hPa, depending on the loudness of the voice. Figure 3.10 Figure 3.21 Monaka, K. C. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics A. Bantu language family into 15 zones which he numbered alphabetically from A in the north-west to S in the south-east, omitting the letters I, J, O and Q in his . E. D. Downing, L. J. J. C. ygis Louw, J. (2001) The two vs of Giryama. There are several ways of indicating the same click following IPA principles, e.g., /, , / are equivalent ways of representing a voiced (post-)alveolar click. This study of Changana S53 whistling fricatives underscores the fact that the phonetic realisation of a cross-linguistically rare sound may differ from one language to the next. In This process does not result in double articulations that are almost totally overlapped, as in labial-velars, but sequential articulations which are overlapped either not at all or no more than is typical of sequences such as /tk/ or /pk/ in English words like fruitcake or hopkiln. On the other hand, it does produce rather unusual consonant sequences in onset positions. A. Y. Many Bantu languages have relatively simple segmental inventories. Pholia L. M. A. ), The Phonetics-Phonology Interface: Representations and Methodologies, 171192. The word papyrus may also be articulated with a velar stop in place of the click [rukoma], as seen in Then, explain how language has been a unifying or divisive force for each group. Closure durations and timing relations in the three click types of Zulu S42; means for voiceless clicks in three vowel environments spoken by three speakers, adapted from Thomas-Vilakati (2010). In Africana Linguistica Allwood, J. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. B. Jouannet, F. Other studies of coarticulation in Bantu languages have not looked at voicing contrasts (Manuel 1987, Beddor et al. Plausibly, the Vove B305 vowel pairs differ phonetically in pharynx width, which is consistent with the auditory impression they create, while the Kalanga S16 pairs differ in height and to a lesser degree in backness, which is consistent with the auditory impression they create. 2011: 2127). compares the pitch contours of the Swati S43 words /lhl/ aloe and /lhl/ harrow, where / / is a diacritic to mark the fact that the consonant is a depressor in the second word. Riera Speakers wear a thin custom-made acrylic insert moulded to the shape of their upper teeth and hard palate in which a number of electrodes are embedded which sense contact between the tongue and the roof of the mouth. Determine their location, language, culture, and place in society in their country/region. Figure 3.12 Tswa S51 may be one such case, as the last attestation was by Persson (1932). 25(1): 2960. (1970) Eastern Shona: A Comparative Dialect Study. The two vocoid approximants /j/ and /w/ occur in many languages, often alternating with high vowels /i u/. Figure 3.17 & 17(2): 6581. L. M. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies The relationship between the seven vowels of Vove B305 is notably different, as demonstrated in Bailey, R. 60(4): 231260. . & Journal of Phonetics & . Berkeley: University of California Press. The typical pattern for dental/alveolar contrasts is that the dentals are laminal while the alveolars are apical. , & (eds. Rialland (1967) Comparative Bantu: An Introduction to the Comparative Linguistics and Prehistory of the Bantu languages. Bantu vowel harmony constraints do not seem to be a survival of an older Benue-Congo or even Niger-Congo harmony (Stewart 2000), but to be mostly more or less local innovations with diverse patterns of implementation (Hyman 1999). Firstly, it allows the amplitude of vocal fold vibration to increase during the closure, giving a particularly strong percept of voicing at the time of the release. For instance, the final High in yes-no questions in Zamba is preceded by a sharp fall (Bokamba 1976: 19). She shows that voiceless palatal and velar stops tend to have longer VOT measurements than bilabial, dental or uvular stops (Monaka 2005). & Whistling fricatives are very rare cross-linguistically, but they do occur in Mozambican Portuguese (Ashby & Barbosa 2011), clearly due to the influence of Bantu languages. The means are 248 Hz for /i/, 313 Hz for //, 277 Hz for /u/, and 334 Hz for //. Namibian Yeyi is described as having 19 click consonants (Gowlett 1997: 257), while Botswana Yeyi speakers vary, having as few as 12 or as many as 22 distinct click consonants (Fulop et al. Africana Linguistica & Grahamstown: Department of African Languages, Rhodes University. , Sol, M.-J. M. This pattern is typical of that found in vowel systems where the back series is distinguished by degrees of height with no other factors being significantly involved. Naidoo, S. (2008) The Acoustic Correlates of ATR Harmony in Seven- and Nine-Vowel African Languages: A Phonetic Inquiry Into Phonological Structure. Byrd , Note that the tongue tip is on the right and the tongue root on the left, the reverse of the images in Figure 3.6. K. C. Figure 3.20 & , Maputo: Instituto Nacional do Desenvolvimento de Educao. South African Journal of African Languages 88: 12861298. Like most linguistic maps, this map represents a somewhat fictitious ethnographic idealisation not corresponding precisely with any exact time or population distribution. . Mabuta The traditional Bantu (people) government is therefore a model to revisit and update, in this world where people feel abused by politics. P. , Figure 3.2 Figures 3.143.16 (2002) Phonetic Characteristics of an Unexploded Palatal Implosive in Hendo. J. S. Hualde Maddieson Maho, J. F. The examples cited during this study are taken from the selected languages shown in the following list. (2011) Perceived Vowel Duration in Civili: Minimal Pairs and the Effect of Post-Vocalic Voicing. & ), Nasals, Nasalization and the Velum, 251301. Brasington Finally, the In 19(1): 119. (2008) Phonetics of Intonation in South African Bantu Languages. (eds. Schadeberg Mathangwane, J. T. We may now revisit the Kalanga S16 and Vove B305 high vowels in (2007) Weie Geister Diachrone Stereotype in Nordnamibia und Sdangola. J. C. 4 (1937), pp. Rialland (2011) Notes on Nyokon Phonology (Bantu A.45, Cameroon). In languages which have lost the contrast, each TBU is both a syllable and a mora (and pre-consonantal nasals are typically non-syllabic). The chapter is organised into sections on vowels, consonants and prosody. (1997) A Dialectometrical Analysis of the Main Kavango Languages: Kwangali, Gciriku and Mbukushu. F. Each point represents the mean of six measurements, three of isolated vowel tokens, plus three tokens in final vowels in /alV/ nonsense words. , Figure 3.3 8s. , with no difference in meaning. Figure 3.27 (1995) Toward a Theory of Phonological and Phonetic Timing: Evidence from Bantu. Hamlaoui & (1993) The Effects of Implosives on Pitch in SiSwati. shows a typical example of /o/ in the word /ko/ to go; /o/ has a low F2 (below 1000 Hz). Sands , Thornell & & (1996) Tonal Transfer in Chichewa. Fonetik 2012, 15th Swedish Phonetics Conference, May 30June 1, University of Gothenburg, 7376. Figure 3.32 Rialland Liljencrants, J. & (2015) High Vowel Fricativization as an Areal Feature of the Northern Cameroon Grassfields. The separate South-East and South-West groups of Bantu languages with clicks can be seen in the map of Southern Africa in compares the durations of nasals and voiced prenasalised stops as well as of the vowels that precede them in two languages, Ganda JE15 and Sukuma F21. There is much work that remains to be done on cross-linguistic, intra- and inter-speaker variation of typologically unusual sounds such as clicks and whistling fricatives. Undoubtedly, studies of intonation and prosody in Bantu languages will continue to increase in number. Nomdebevana Chichewa is a Bantu language spoken principally in the area of Africa lying in the Great Rift Valley. v broadly demonstrates the need for micro-linguistic and language-specific considerations in the Although not seen in a mid-sagittal diagram, the sides of the tongue are also raised to complete the seal between anterior and dorsal closures. Journal of the International Phonetic Association (2017) Prehistoric Bantu-Khoisan Language Contact: A Cross-Disciplinary Approach. Broken vertical lines indicate the five points in time corresponding to the rtMRI images shown in the bottom row. In I. Premire Partie: Grammaires Soubiya et Louyi. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies Yeyi R41 contrasts clicks with a velar fricated and ejective velar fricated release (/ These closely related languages have been argued to violate a constraint against voiceless stops after nasals. The (post: 303) alveolar // clicks in Zulu S42 (Thomas-Vilakati 2010) and Xhosa S41 (Doke 1926: 303) are retracted in comparison to pulmonic alveolar consonants such as /t/ and /s/. African Studies (eds. Vol. In eBook ISBN: 9781315755946 Adobe , , 2003). (1899) Grundri einer Lautlehre der Bantusprachen nebst Anleitung zur Aufnahme von Bantusprachen Anhang : Verzeichnis von Bantuwortstmmen . & Sands Brenzinger, M. Figure 3.25 Although most Bantu languages use only one coronal (typically alveolar) and one dorsal (velar) place of articulation, contrasts between dental and alveolar places are found in several languages, and contrasts between velars and uvulars are found in Kgalagari S311 (Dickens 1987, Monaka 2001, 2005). Kim, S.-A. University of California, Berkeley. Gieseke, S. In Aborobongui Sande 21(2): 161178. Each point represents the mean of between six and 21 tokens of phonetically long vowels in penultimate position in words spoken by a male speaker. & Source: Recording made available by Koen Bostoen. African Studies Zerbian, S. Berlin: Language Science Press. Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. Note that languages of Malawi and Tanzania are not shown on the map in A. The Xhosa S41 voiced clicks are breathy or slack voiced (Jessen & Roux 2002) and may even be devoiced (Maphalala et al. (2008) Bantu Spirantization: Morphologization, Lexicalization and Historical Classification. Miller, A. 36(1): 6792. The Bantu verb consists of a root that can be accompanied by affixes with various lexical and grammatical functions. (2014) The Grammatical Structure of Sowetan Tsotsitaal. Cibelli, E. Studies in African Linguistics Palatogram of [ana] spoken by a Soga JE16 speaker. 10(4): 166172. Van de Velde and . 2009, cited in Blench 2015). Ladefoged (2013), Proctor et al. (1992) tude du systeme vocalique fang par rsonance magntique. (eds. Thomas-Vilakatis analysis of Zulu click types (Thomas 2000, Thomas-Vilakati 2010), combining insights from acoustic, aerodynamic and electropalatographic techniques, is A. Source: Images made available by Bryan Gick (cf. In 15(4): 196204. Brenzinger, M. Rialland, A. Another nine-vowel Bantu language is Liko D201 (De Wit 2015: 45). Wetzels, L. W. Post-alveolar clicks have the greatest rarefaction, lateral clicks the least, perhaps because the contra-lateral bracing of the tongue in the lateral clicks may constrain the amount of tongue-center lowering that is possible.

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