do you know whether the hp E1b1a was ever found in ancient Levant? These data are consistent with multiple expansion events southwards from West Africa. 3500-1150 BCE) was a formative period in the Southern Levant, a region that includes present-day Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, the Palestinian Authority, and southwest Syria. Yet, according to TMRCA (Time of Most Recent Common Ancestor) estimates, all carriers of this haplogroup descend from a common ancestor who lived only 2,100 years ago, about 5,000 years too late for the Neolithic hypothesis to hold ground. Sociological data were also collected from most individuals, including age, current residence, birthplace, self-declared cultural identity, first language, second language and (when available) religion of the individual, as well as similar information on the individuals father, mother, paternal grandfather and maternal grandmother. E1b1a and E1b1b-V22 tend to have lower values for this STR compared to other E1b1b haplogroups, but still the reported value is very rare in any of these haplogroups, and it looks like another suspicious STR value. Was E-V13 a major lineage of Hallstatt Celts and Italics? Populations in Northwest Africa, central Eastern Africa and Madagascar have tested at more moderate frequencies. Also in favor of E1b1b-V22 is the fact that E1b1a occurs in 2% of Egyptians, while E1b1b-V22 occurs in 15% of north Egyptians, 5% in Egyptians from several oasis to the west of the Nile, and 4% in south Egyptians. [25] Ganda was of West African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-CTS5612 and L1c1c. The Goths settled over all the Italian peninsula. Cruciani et al. . Bellwood P : Early agriculturalist population diasporas? Distribution of haplogroup E-M81 in Europe, the Middle East & North Africa. Table 1 reports the frequencies of all observed haplogroups, including the component haplogroups of E1b1a. Whilst E1b1a reaches its highest frequency of 81% in Senegal, only 1 of the 139 Senegalese that were tested showed M191/P86. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009; 140: 302311. There are at least three distinct sources of E-V13 in Italy. Due to the scarcity of full genomic sequences available from the Balkans, it is not yet clear when E-V13 expanded in that region. It would be easy to assume that E-M81 colonised Northwest Africa during the Mesolithic or Neolithic period, then spread to southern and western Europe with the southern wave of Neolithic farmers that crossed over from Morocco to Iberia, then spread around western Europe with the Megalithic people. Tanya M Simms 2011, The Peopling of the Bahamas: A Phylogeographical Ann Hum Genet 2001; 65: 4362. Proto-Italics would have been a predominantly R1b-U152 tribe, but also carried a minority of E-V13, G2a-L140 (L13, L1264 and Z1816 subclades) and J2a1-L70 (PF5456 and Z2177 subclades). These branches split from one another around 47,500 years ago in the horn of Africa, followed by the emergence of prominent SNP mutation E-M2 which gained footing there. [13][14], At Kindoki, in the Democratic Republic of Congo, there were three individuals, dated to the protohistoric period (230 BP, 150 BP, 230 BP); one carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1d1a2 (E-CTS99, E-CTS99) and L1c3a1b, another carried haplogroup E (E-M96, E-PF1620), and the last carried haplogroups R1b1 (R-P25 1, R-M415) and L0a1b1a1. Mol Biol Evol 2009; 26: 15811589. Oxford: Elsevier Ltd, 2006, pp 679685. PubMedGoogle Scholar. The finer branches of the genealogical tree were associated with lower estimates of TMRCA (Figure 1). Chapter Although the battery of the NRY markers typed in UEP kits gives a relatively crude resolution of NRY haplogroups, the typing of four UEP markers within E1b1a considerably increases the resolution of NRY types associated with EBSP.32. But the history of the region is so complex that there might be many separate branches of E-V13 that each came with a different invasion (e.g. This led to considerable confusion. M81 has two immediate subclades A5604 and M183 (aka PF2477 or PF2546). One of them was E-M34 (notably Levantine clades like Y15558 and Z21421), which makes up about 15% of modern Lebanese Y-DNA, but was probably higher before the Greek, Roman, Arabic, Byzantine, medieval crusader and Ottoman occupations altered the local gene pool. Iranic tribes, La Tne Celts, Romans, Goths, Slavs). Only then would a later demic expansion have brought haplotype 22 chromosomes from central western to western Africa, giving rise to the opposite clinal distributions of haplotypes 22 and 24."[31]. CAS [28][27] The ancestral sickle cell haplotype to modern haplotypes (e.g., Cameroon/Central African Republic and Benin/Senegal haplotypes) may have first arose in the ancestors of modern West Africans, bearing haplogroups E1b1a1-L485 and E1b1a1-U175 or their ancestral haplogroup E1b1a1-M4732. CAS 2002 ). His beliefs and warnings heavily influenced the South's secession from the Union in 186061. Veeramah et al. (2011) significantly redefined the E-V38 phylogenetic tree. As both NRY and mtDNA genetic systems have smaller effective population sizes than autosomal markers, they are more prone to genetic drift14, 15, 16 and are therefore more likely to differ among groups than are autosomal markers. [6][7][8][9] According to Wood et al. All samples (96-well plates) were then placed on a thermocycler under the following conditions: denaturation at 95C for 5min, followed by 35 cycles of denaturation (95C) for 45s, annealing (see Supplementary Table S2 for annealing temperatures) for 45s and elongation (72C) for 45s. The final step of the PCR programme was a 7-min extension at 72C before a 30min hold at 4C. People and Disease. DNA from Congolese samples was extracted using the Gentra protein precipitation method (Gentra Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA). Diamond J, Bellwood P : Farmers and their languages: the first expansions. [69], The supposed "Bantu haplotype" found in E-U175 carriers is "present at appreciable frequencies in other NigerCongo languages speaking peoples as far west as Guinea-Bissau". Here, to test the hypothesis that . Vansina J : New Linguistic Evidence and 'the Bantu Expansion'. The only Bronze Age migration that could account for such a fast and far-reaching dispersal is that of the Proto-Indo-Europeans. (2007), such population movements changed the pre-existing population Y chromosomal diversity in Central, Southern, and Southeastern Africa, replacing the previous haplogroup frequencies in these areas with the now dominant E1b1a1 lineages. Of the possible 17 haplogroups, 12 were observed in the complete data set with haplogroup E1b1a modal (0.847, range in population groups 0.3890.957), both overall and in every sub-Saharan African group. Google Scholar. Am J Hum Genet 2002; 70: 11971214. This suggests that E1b1b may indeed have appeared in East Africa, then expanded north until the Levant. The haplogroup E1b1a8, defined by U175, has a TMRCA of only 18632163 YBP but a geographic distribution, excepting the Anuak of Ethiopia, which is equally extensive as that of E1b1a7. This marker was found in a single South African. [33] In other words, as one moves to West Africa from western Central Africa, the less subclade E1b1a1f is found. Veeramah KR, Connell BA, Ansari Pour N et al. Furthermore, all the modern members of E-V13 descend from a common ancestor who lived approximately 5,500 years ago, and all of them also descend from a later common ancestor who carried the CTS5856 mutation. E-M34 lineages experienced a much more dramatic expansion during the Chalcolithic (Copper Age) period. and Ancient East, West and North Germanics had different Y-DNA lineages). The original Phoenician M81 in the Levant could also have diffused across the Eastern Mediterranean over the centuries, during the Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman periods. Am J Hum Genet 1999; 65: 829846. Outside North Africa, M81 is far more frequent in parts of Iberia than anywhere else in Europe or the Near East. Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations. However, because each is, in effect, a single linked locus, interpreting observed differences among groups must be undertaken with a high level of caution. Behar DM, Thomas MG, Skorecki K et al. Cereal farming may therefore trace its roots (literally) to the E1b1b tribes of the Mesolithic Levant. In Anatolia, E-V13 is found mostly in the western third of the country, the region that used to belong to ancient Greece. The distribution of haplogroup E1b1a8a1a (defined by U181) with a very recent TMRCA of only 11001638 YBP is very different, however, being restricted to Nigeria and the east side of sub-Saharan Africa (Figure 2). [25] Zimbu was of western Central African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-CTS5497 and L3e1e. There is clearly a radiation from the Greece (where E-V13 makes up approximately 30% of the paternal lineages) to the East Mediterranean (where the frequency drops to under 5%). Wood ET, Stover DA, Ehret C et al. Ashkenazi Jews have approximately 20% of E1b1b, which falls mostly under specific clades of E-M123. In other words, the frequency of the haplogroup decreases as one moves from western and southern Africa toward the eastern and northern parts of Africa.[30]. In this study, we analyse, as did Alves et al,33 both UEP and short tandem repeat (STR) (in this study restricted to NRY) to show that geographic frequency distributions and the time to the most recent common ancestors (TMRCAs) of haplogroups, comprising haplogroup E1b1a in 43 sub-Saharan African groups (n=2757) with diverse linguistic affiliations (Supplementary Figure S1), reveal multiple waves of expansion from West Africa, with a late expansion along the eastern route but not the western. In just a few centuries, that very minor E-V13 lineage had started an expansion process that would turn it into one of Europe's most widespread paternal lineages and reach far beyond the borders of Europe itself, also spreading to the eastern edge of the Mediterranean, the Caucasus, Kurdistan, Iran, and even Siberia. E-M2 is primarily distributed within sub-Saharan Africa. A few isolated occurrences of E-M2 have also been observed among populations in Southern Europe, such as Croatia, Malta, Spain and Portugal.[49][50][51][52]. However, Razib Khan in this podcast says that E1b1a was pretty common among ancient Levantines. They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. E-M78 and E-Z827 originated respectively at 20,000 years and 24,000 years. Google Scholar. Nei M : Molecular Evolutionary Genetics. Sectors in pie charts are coloured according to the haplogroup colour code to the left. volume21,pages 423429 (2013)Cite this article. Haplogroup E-V68, also known as E1b1b1a, is a major human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup found in North Africa, the Horn of Africa, Western Asia and Europe.It is a subclade of the larger and older haplogroup, known as E1b1b or E-M215 (also roughly equivalent to E-M35). Anthropology, archaeology, linguistics and, in recent decades, genetics have been used to elucidate some of the events and processes involved. Salas A, Richards M, De la FT et al. [12][d], E1b1a1a1c is defined by private marker M149. The frequency of E subclades has varied geographically over time due to founder effects in Neolithic, Bronze Age and Iron Age populations, i.e. Annu Rev Anthropol 2001; 30: 181207. Cruciani F, Santolamazza P, Shen P et al. Nat Genet 2000; 26: 358361. Therefore both hypotheses are plausible. Consequently, the haplogroup is often observed in the United States populations in men who self-identify as African Americans. The advantage of this hypothesis is that M81 is indeed found exclusively within the borders of the Roman Empire, and in a big part of the empire. Montano et al. The K257 and Y4970 branch emerged around 3000 BCE and is found in Iran, Armenia, Turkey, Russia, Greece, Italy and France, among others. The absence of E-V13 from Central Anatolia does not concord with a diffusion linked to Neolithic agriculture. Napoleon I had previously been identified by Lucotte's team as a member of mtDNA haplogroup H. The acclaimed theoretical physicist Albert Einstein is presumed to have belonged to Y-haplogroup E-Z830 based on the results from a patrilineal descendant of Naphtali Hirsch Einstein, Albert Einstein's great-grand-father. Research Department of Genetics, The Centre for Genetic Anthropology, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK, Naser Ansari Pour,Christopher A Plaster&Neil Bradman, You can also search for this author in Sample sizes are indicated within the pie charts. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade brought people to North America, Central America and South America including the Caribbean. 1923 - pictured), who won two Academy Awards for Gandhi in 1983. The box identifies the E1b1a clade, exclusively observed in population groups with recent African ancestry. Diversity (h) of E1b1a was calculated at the five component-haplogroup level ranged from 0.379 to 0.753, excluding the Anuak (h=0). A1b1b-M32 has a wide distribution including Khoisan speaking and East African populations, and scattered members on the Arabian Peninsula. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, European Journal of Human Genetics (Eur J Hum Genet) Ronny Decorte, a geneticist from the Catholic University of Leuven in Belgium, tested relatives of Adolf Hitler and determined that the Frher belonged to haplogroup E1b1b. Nowadays E-V13 is the only Mediterranean haplogroup consistently found throughout Europe, even in Norway, Sweden, Finland and Baltic countries, which are conspicuous by the absence of other Neolithic haplogroups like G2a (bar the Indo-European G2a-Z1815), J1 and T (except in Estonia). [39][40][41], Outside of Africa, E-M2 has been found at low frequencies. M81 would first have spread with the Carthaginian elite, then once they were defeated by the Romans and annexed to the empire, their descendants would have been free to migrate to various parts of the empire from North Africa, Sicily, Sardinia and Iberia, some eventually reaching France and Britain. Nevertheless, many lineages now found among the Ethiopians and Somalians appear to have come from the Fertile Crescent during the Neolithic period. Nowadays, the highest genetic diversity of haplogroup E1b1b is observed in Northeast Africa, especially in Ethiopia and Somalia, which also have the monopoly of older and rarer branches like M281, V6 or V92. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). Y-chromosomal variation in sub-Saharan Africa: Insights into the history of Niger-Congo groups. The Indo-European migrations would certainly have brought some E-V13 early on, from circa 2500 BCE. [25] Kuto was of western Central African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-CTS2198 and L2a1a2. Therefore this lineage could actually have emerged a few centuries earlier, during the Phoenician/Carthaginian period. Although sampling in most NRY studies of sub-Saharan Africa has, in the past, been quite limited in terms of geographic coverage and sample sizes, the distribution of this haplogroup is relatively well described in groups living along both the postulated western and eastern routes of the EBSP, as well as in Senegal29 and Cameroon27, 30 in West Africa. Hum Genet 1999; 105: 577581. [25] Banza was of western Central African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-CTS668 and L3e3b1. [16], At Deloraine Farm, in Nakuru County, Kenya, an iron metallurgist of the Iron Age carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1a1a/E-M58 and L5b1. [67] The place of origin and age is unreported. The early development of agriculture triggered significant population growth, resulting in the expansion of early farming populations, along with the spread of language families in many parts of the world, including Africa.1 The many advantages of agricultural subsistence over foraging is a likely contributing factor to the rapid expansion of agriculturists and their languages during the holocene.2 A well-known example of this phenomenon in Africa is the expansion of the Bantu-speaking people (EBSP), which is thought, on the basis of linguistic evidence, to have started around 5000 years ago3 in the region on the border between modern day eastern Nigeria and Cameroon.4 It is widely accepted that there was an early split into eastern and western routes in which farmers first expanded east and also, within 1500 years, reached West-Central Africa. The range and mean of sample sizes of the 43 groups are 25118 and 63, respectively. The testing of ancient DNA from the Natufian culture (Mesolithic Levant) and Pre-Pottery Neolithic Levant confirmed a high incidence of haplogroup E1b1b in that region. [17][18], At a San Jose de los Naturales Royal Hospital burial site, in Mexico City, Mexico, three enslaved West Africans of West African and Southern African ancestry, dated between 1453 CE and 1626 CE, 1450 CE and 1620 CE, and 1436 CE and 1472 CE, were found; one carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1c1b/E-M263.2 and L1b2a, another carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1d1/E-P278.1/E-M425 and L3d1a1a, and the last carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1c1a1c/E-CTS8030 and L3e1a1a. Ann Hum Genet 2001; 65: 439458. Visual representation of the distribution of E1b1a component haplogroups in sub-Saharan African groups with sample totals. mtDNA variability in two Bantu-speaking populations (Shona and Hutu) from Eastern Africa: implications for peopling and migration patterns in sub-Saharan Africa. The samples were classified into groups primarily by cultural identity, first language spoken and then by place of collection. The Bantu expansion revisited: a new analysis of Y chromosome variation in Central Western Africa. Underhill PA, Jin L, Lin AA et al. Ye S, Dhillon S, Ke X, Collins AR, Day IN : An efficient procedure for genotyping single nucleotide polymorphisms. [25] Isi was of western Central African ancestry and carried haplogroup L3e2a. This evidence suggests that at the end of the last glaciation 12,000 years ago, E1b1b men were present in the Levant, but not in other parts of the Near East. 438=10 is a normal value. They were supposedly descended from John Wright (1488-1551), of Kelvedon Hall, Essex, England, which allowed the Wright Surname DNA Project to isolate their paternal lineage based on the matching haplotypes of over 20 participants descending from that lineage. Brief thoughts on the likelihood of finding samples of E1b1a in the Levant._____SOURCES:[0:46] The relevant FaceBook thread:https://www.facebook.com/gr. E1b1a1a1a is defined by marker M58. Dallas: SIL International, 2009. Further support for the EBSP origin from the Nigeria/Cameroon area comes from the observation that E1b1a component-haplogroup STR diversities are greater in West Africa than in either West-Central or East-Central Africa (Table 2). He is best remembered for being a strong defender of slavery. His brother is the producer, director and actor Richard Attenborough (b. These lineages continued to expand around the Middle East, Greece and Italy during the Bronze Age. The earliest known prehistoric sample to date is an E-V13 from Catalonia dating from 5000 BCE. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 454465. This is a remarkably fast expansion that would have required a male line of considerable wealth and influence within the Roman Republic/Empire, and therefore probably a family of rich patricians or even a Roman emperor, not necessarily of Roman descent himself. [25] Coosaw was of West African and Native American ancestry and carried haplogroups E2b1a-CTS2400 and A2. The haplogroup E1b1a-M2 (and its sub-lineages) is widely spread in Africa and highly prevalent in all Bantu sub-Saharan populations, with frequencies above 80% in most populations 39,40,46,47. What is even more surprising is that these subclades do not show any consistent geographic pattern. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. As a consequence it is consistent with a late, rapid expansion from south of the Grassfields of Cameroon that did not include expansion along the earlier western route. Under the latter no less than eight subclades have been identified at present: A930, A2227, CTS12227, FGC22844, PF2578, PF6794, MZ99 and Z5009. Scozzari et al24 and Underhill et al25 found UEP (M2 and its analogues such as DYS271G) present at high frequencies specifically in sub-Saharan Africa and suggested this marker as a signature of EBSP. The Phoenicians would have spread E-M34 to Cyprus, Malta, Sicily, Sardinia, Ibiza and southern Iberia. Whether origins of M81 lie in the Carthaginian or Roman elite, its parent clades M310.1 and Z827 would have originated in the Levant, and not in Northwest Africa. E1B1A must be the standard for determining whether or not a male is a descendant of the Biblical Israelites. Yes, I'm aware of Ramesses III belonging to Haplogroup E1b1a, but additional genetic testing suggest that the remains may indeed belong to y-dna haplogroup E1b1b[citation needed] which split from E1b1a about 40-50 thousand years ago, and tends to be common in the Levant, Northern Africa, and the Rift valley region in modern times. Our analysis of NRY from groups over a wide geographic area is consistent with both these conclusions. E1b1b's gradient in the maps shows in Levant its 24% in Palestine, 17% Lebanon, 14% Syria, 10% Turkey so it should have been say 4% in extreme southern . The weak point of this hypothesis is that it doesn't explain how M81 reached places like France, Britain, Greece or Turkey, nor even northern Spain. Almost immediately afterwards, CTS5856 split into six subclades, then branched off into even more subclades in the space of a few generations. Alves I, Coelho M, Gignoux C, Damasceno A, Prista A, Rocha J : Genetic homogeneity across Bantu-speaking groups from Mozambique and Angola challenges early split scenarios between East and West Bantu populations. The African diaspora: mitochondrial DNA and the Atlantic slave trade. [25] Pita was of Sub-Saharan African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-M4287 and L3e2b. Jobling MA, Hurles ME, Tyler-Smith C : Human Evolutionary Genetics: Origins. E-M123 originated some 19,000 years ago, during the last Ice Age Its place of origin is uncertain, but it was probably in the Red Sea region, somewhere between the southern Levant and Ethiopia. This page is not available in other languages. Some of these SNPs have little or no published population data and/or have yet to receive nomenclature recognition by the YCC. More specifically, E-M2 is the predominant subclade in West Africa, Central Africa, Southern Africa, and the region of the African Great Lakes; it also occurs at moderate frequencies in North Africa and Middle East. Hum Genet 2005; 117: 366375. Google Scholar. It is especially common among Berber populations all over Northwest Africa, including the Tuaregs. Pakendorf et al7 in a recent review of the contribution made by molecular genetic analysis to the study of EBSP concluded that patrilocality and possibly polygyny may have contributed to NRY, but not mtDNA, association with linguistic affinity. Eur J Hum Genet 21, 423429 (2013). Group-based pharmacogenetic prediction: is it feasible and do current NHS England ethnic classifications provide appropriate data? Nature 1995; 378: 376378. Since then, this marker (now defining the E1b1a haplogroup) has been typed in many groups across sub-Saharan Africa19, 26, 27, 28 and, without exception, all studies have shown that the majority of NRY types in Bantu-speaking groups belong to this haplogroup.

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