[132][133][134] In August 1942 Serbia was declared free of Jews,[135] after the Wehrmacht and German police, assisted by collaborators of the Nedi government and others such as Zbor, a pro-Nazi and pan-Serbian fascist party, had murdered nearly the entire population of 17,000 Jews. [165], Historians agree that there was a "gradual radicalization" between the spring and autumn of 1941 of what Longerich calls Germany's Judenpolitik, but they disagree about whether a decisionFhrerentscheidung (Fhrer's decision)to murder the European Jews had been made at this point. The occupation of France, May 1940. [307] Three SS officers were killed. [336] Publication of the VrbaWetzler report halted Hungarian government cooperation with Jewish deportations for several months and sparked international interventions that saved tens of thousands of lives. Sometimes when the same question is asked in different modes, such as over the phone and online, there is a difference in results that is attributable to what survey methodologists call a mode effect. The fate of those Jews depended on many factors, including the local occupying authority and whether they were among the very few evacuated to the interior of the Soviet Union ahead of the invading forces. Though the two institutions have different estimates, if you average the total number of Jews each says were murdered, the result is the commonly used figure of six million. Denmark was overrun so quickly that there was no time for a resistance to form. [213], Stone writes that Slovakia, led by Roman Catholic priest Jozef Tiso (president of the Slovak State, 19391945), was "one of the most loyal of the collaborationist regimes". "[315][aa], Most neutral countries in Europe maintained a pro-German foreign policy during the war. All Jews must be shot. The event, titled "Day to Remember An . [146] The largest massacre was at a ravine called Babi Yar outside Kiev (also Soviet Ukraine), where 33,771 Jews were killed on 2930 September 1941. Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University. [335] Between 15 May and 9 July, 440,000 Jews were deported from Hungary to Auschwitz II-Birkenau, almost all sent directly to the gas chambers. 2007, page 23, sfn error: no target: CITEREFPiotrowski2007 (, "They conducted deliberate and systematic genocide, viz., the extermination of racial and national groups, against the civilian populations of certain occupied territories in order to destroy particular races and classes of people and national, racial, or religious groups, particularly Jews, Poles, and Gypsies and others. According to their findings, nearly two-thirds of respondents did not know 6 million Jews were killed during the Holocaust, nearly half cannot name a single concentration camp, and 11. [233] Written by Eichmann and stamped "Top Secret", the minutes were written in "euphemistic language" on Heydrich's instructions, according to Eichmann's later testimony.[234]. ISBN 978-0-30008-432-0. sfn error: no target: CITEREFKrivosheev2001 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFGushee2012 (. [341], The first major camp encountered by Allied troops, Majdanek, was discovered by the advancing Soviets, along with its gas chambers, on 25 July 1944. These are among the key findings of a survey conducted online Feb. 4 to 19, 2019, among 10,971 respondents. In response, two-thirds say the Holocaust refers to the attempted annihilation of the Jewish people, or words to that effect, mentioning the mass murder of Jews. [95], The Germans stipulated that each ghetto be led by a Judenrat of 24 male Jews, who would be responsible for carrying out German orders. The 2018 Holocaust Knowledge and Awareness Study was administered mostly by interviewers over the phone, but also included some interviews administered online. Because the Nazis advocated killing children of unwanted groups, childrenparticularly Jewish and Romani childrenwere especially vulnerable in the era of the Holocaust. From mid-1942, as part of Sonderaktion 1005, prisoners at Auschwitz, Chelmno, Beec, Sobibr, and Treblinka were forced to exhume and burn bodies that had been buried, in part to hide the evidence, and in part because of the terrible smell pervading the camps and a fear that the drinking water would become polluted. A stab-in-the-back myth developed, insinuating that disloyal politicians, chiefly Jews and communists, had orchestrated Germany's surrender. Filimoshin cited sources from the Soviet era to support his figures and used the terms "genocide" and "premeditated extermination" when referring to deaths of 7.4million civilians caused by direct, intentional violence. At Treblinka, to calm the victims, the arrival platform was made to look like a train station, complete with a fake clock. The Russian Academy of Science article by M. V. Filimoshin estimated 6% of the population in the occupied regions died due to war related famine and disease. To accurately estimate the extent of human losses, scholars, governmental agencies, and Jewish organizations since the 1940s have relied on a variety of different recordsincluding census reports, captured German and Axis archives, and postwar investigations. [126] Adolf Eichmann's office was ordered to investigate the option, but no evidence of planning exists until after the defeat of France in June 1940. The numbers were higher among younger. After Nazis murdered 6 million Jews in the Holocaust, the future of Germany's remaining Jewish community was in doubt. For example, men correctly answer 2.5 out of four multiple-choice questions, on average, while women get 1.9 right.3 And white respondents get an average of 2.5 questions right, compared with 1.2 questions among black adults and 1.7 questions among Hispanics. The single most important thing to keep in mind when attempting to document numbers of victims of the Holocaust is that no one master list of those who perished exists anywhere in the world. "[232] Thirty copies of the minutes, the Wannsee Protocol, were made. [364], A 1995 paper published by M. V. Filimoshin, an associate of the Russian Defense Ministry, put the civilian death toll in the regions occupied by Germany at 13.7million. See also: Austria-Hungary, Hungary in World War I, Treaty of Trianon, and Kingdom of Hungary (1920-1946) In the 1941 census, the population of Hungary was 14,683,323. [340] Already sick after exposure to violence and starvation, they were marched to train stations and transported for days without food or shelter in open freight cars, then forced to march again at the other end to the new camp. [100] In the ghettos and forced-labor camps, at least half a million died of starvation, disease, and poor living conditions. [198] In July 1941, Mihai Antonescu, Romania's deputy prime minister, said it was time for "total ethnic purification, for a revision of national life, and for purging our race of all those elements which are foreign to its soul, which have grown like mistletoes and darken our future. [286] The corpses700,000 in Treblinkawere burned on wood in open fire pits and the remaining bones crushed into powder. [192] Romania implemented anti-Jewish measures in May and June 1940 as part of its efforts towards an alliance with Germany. Janusz Gumkowski and Kazimierz Leszczynski, sfn error: no target: CITEREFGordon1984 (, Piotrowski, Tadeusz. It deported 7,500 Jews in 1938 on its own initiative; introduced anti-Jewish measures in 1940; and by the autumn of 1942 had deported around 60,000 Jews to Poland. [46], Before and after the March 1933 Reichstag elections, the Nazis intensified their campaign of violence against opponents,[47] setting up concentration camps for extrajudicial imprisonment. Prior to the German invasion of the Soviet Union, an estimated 160,000 Jews resided in Kyiv, which represented close to 20 percent of the city's population. [210] The first group of 1,034 Jews arrived from Rome on 23 October 1943; 839 were murdered by gas. Instead of convicting Eichmann on the basis of documentary evidence, Israeli prosecutors asked many Holocaust survivors to testify, a strategy that increased publicity but has proven controversial. [322], During the Holocaust, some Jews in occupied Europe were able to listen to Allied radio broadcasts to learn more about the war situation. This may reflect disparities in education. "The Holocaust: Definition and Preliminary Discussion". [56] In Silesia, in March 1933, a group of men entered the courthouse and beat up Jewish lawyers; Friedlnder writes that, in Dresden, Jewish lawyers and judges were dragged out of courtrooms during trials. Nearly half of Americans get at least three questions right, including one-quarter who correctly answer all four questions (24%). [271] Victims usually arrived at the extermination camps by freight train. Of course, teens between the ages of 13 and 17 have not yet had a chance to pursue post-secondary education. [392] The medical community regularly received bodies for research; for example, the University of Tbingen received 1,077 bodies from executions between 1933 and 1945. [155] Traveling with nine German Order Police battalions and three units of the Waffen-SS,[156] the Einsatzgruppen and their local collaborators had murdered almost 500,000 people by the winter of 19411942. Michael Gray, a specialist in Holocaust education. [433] In popular culture, Hitler is a hegemonic historical analogy for evil[434] and Nazi comparisons are common. [367], From the start of the war against Poland, Germany intended to realize Adolf Hitler's plan, set out in his book Mein Kampf, to acquire "living space" (Lebensraum) in the east for massive settlement of German colonists. Documenting the Holocaust: Examples of Documents. Some went by truck or wagons; others were marched the entire distance. [296] Around 1,000 poorly armed fighters held the SS at bay for four weeks. [287], Although the Holocaust was planned and directed by Germans, the Nazi regime found willing collaborators in other countries (e.g. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. So many died that the marches were stopped. [66], On 12 March 1938, Germany annexed Austria. As German troops advanced, the mass shooting of "anti-German elements" was assigned, as in Poland, to the Einsatzgruppen, this time under the command of Reinhard Heydrich. The Russian Academy of Science article by M. V. Filimoshin based this figure on sources published in the Soviet era. [79] The extent of the violence shocked the rest of the world. The actual number was probably between 1.1 million and 1.5 million-and at least 90 percent of the victims were Jews. The study was conducted mostly among members of Pew Research Centers American Trends Panel (a nationally representative panel of randomly selected U.S. adults recruited from landline and cellphone random-digit-dial surveys and an address-based survey), supplemented by interviews with members of the Ipsos KnowledgePanel. These countries were not necessarily signatories of the Tripartite Pact (Finland) and signatories of the Tripartite Pact were not necessarily allies of Germany (Slovakia and Croatia were puppet states). While the survey cannot answer this question directly, the data suggests that relatively few people in this group express strongly negative feelings toward Jews. , Responses to this question were coded to prioritize knowledge of the mass murder of Jews during the Holocaust. [261], Chemno, with gas vans only, had its roots in the Aktion T4 euthanasia program. The evacuated Jews will first be sent, group by group, to so-called transit ghettos, from which they will be transported to the East. Thirty-one percent of Americans, and 41 percent of millennials, believe that two million or fewer Jews were killed in the Holocaust; the actual number is around six million. . [177] Despite many deaths, as many as 200,000 Jews survived the war inside the camp system. [277], At Auschwitz, after the chambers were filled, the doors were shut and pellets of Zyklon-B were dropped into the chambers through vents,[278] releasing toxic prussic acid. [55] Jewish businesses were targeted for closure or "Aryanization", the forcible sale to Germans; of the approximately 50,000 Jewish-owned businesses in Germany in 1933, about 7,000 were still Jewish-owned in April 1939. Copy no. [418], During and after World War II, many European countries launched widespread purges of real and perceived collaborators that affected possibly as much as 23 percent of the population of Europe, although most of the resulting trials did not emphasize crimes against Jews. According to the Pew study, which polled 10,971 US adults in February 2019, just 45% of US adults know that six million Jews were killed in the Holocaust. All of these countries were under no formal German occupation and maintained complete domestic administrations. The two institutions also divided the occupied areas slightly differently. [325], During the war the Joint Distribution Committee raised $70 million and in the years after the war it raised $300 million. Nearly nine-in-ten Jews know that about 6 million Jews were killed in the Holocaust, compared with two-thirds of agnostics (64%) and atheists (63%) who get this question right. On the eve of the Holocaust, Polish Jews made up some 10 percent of the young country's population and approximately one-third of the residents of the capital city, Warsaw. [350] The Red Cross took control of Theresienstadt on 3 May, days before the Soviets arrived. [62] The second law said: "Marriages between Jews and subjects of the state of German or related blood are forbidden." "[164], Two years later, in a speech on 6 October 1943 to party leaders, Heinrich Himmler said he had ordered that women and children be shot, but according to Peter Longerich and Christian Gerlach, the murder of women and children began at different times in different areas, suggesting local influence. Ninety percent of Austria's 176,000 Jews lived in Vienna. [411] The police closed gay bars and shut down gay publications. . [122] Tunisia had 85,000 Jews when the Germans and Italians arrived in November 1942; an estimated 5,000 Jews were subjected to forced labor. Known as Kristallnacht ("Night of Broken Glass"), the pogrom on 910 November 1938 saw over 7,500 Jewish shops (out of 9,000) looted and attacked, and over 1,000 synagogues damaged or destroyed. [21], Holocaust historians commonly define the Holocaust as the genocide of the European Jews by Nazi Germany and its collaborators between 1941 and 1945. The statistics show that since 1948, the world's Jewish population has increased by 26 percent, while the general population of the globe has increased from 2.5 billion to 7.5 billion a. Beginning in 1943, as it became clear that they would lose the war, the Germans and their Axis partners destroyed much of the existing documentation. Efforts to name the victims are important to restore the individuality and dignity their killers sought to destroy. Though the two institutions have different estimates, if you average the total number of Jews each says were murdered, the result is the commonly used figure of six million. [284] Between March 1942 and November 1943, around 1,526,500 Jews were murdered in these three camps in gas chambers using carbon monoxide from the exhaust fumes of stationary diesel engines. [365][pageneeded] Filimoshin estimated that civilian forced laborer deaths in Germany totaled 2.1million. The margin of sampling error for the full sample is plus or minus 1.5 percentage points. According to Haaretz, the writer Yehuda Erez may have been the first to describe events in Germany as the shoah. From August 1941 they began to murder women and children too. "[281] The gas was then pumped out, and the Sonderkommandowork groups of mostly Jewish prisonerscarried out the bodies, extracted gold fillings, cut off women's hair, and removed jewelry, artificial limbs and glasses. [426] In response, Germany set up the "Remembrance, Responsibility and Future" Foundation in 2000, which paid 4.45billion to former slave laborers (up to 7,670 each). [229] On 8 January, Heydrich sent out notes again, this time suggesting 20 January. [377] At least 200,000 died in concentration camps, around 146,000 in Auschwitz. In February 1941, non-Jewish Dutch citizens staged a strike in protest that was quickly crushed. For example, non-Jews who correctly answer at least three of the four multiple-choice questions about the Holocaust rate Jews at a relatively warm 67 degrees on the feeling thermometer, on average. [382] On 14 July 1933, the Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring (Gesetz zur Verhtung erbkranken Nachwuchses), the Sterilization Law, was passed. [275] Those selected for death at all camps were told to undress and hand their valuables to camp workers. [429] The French state-owned railway company, the SNCF, agreed in 2014 to pay $60million to Jewish-American survivors, around $100,000 each, for its role in the transport of 76,000 Jews from France to extermination camps between 1942 and 1944. 02/21/2021. 100 Raoul Wallenberg Place, SW [140] Nevenko Bartulin, however posits that of the total Jewish population of the NDH, only 100 Jews attained the legal status of Aryan citizens, 500 including their families. [105], During the German invasion, a wave of pogroms targeted Jews in the areas that had been annexed by the Soviet Union in 1939 and 1940. [428] In 2013 Germany agreed to provide 772million to fund nursing care, social services, and medication for 56,000 Holocaust survivors around the world. [109] Pogroms also occurred in the Romanian borderlands. The Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany (known as the Claims Conference) was opened in New York, and after negotiations the claim was reduced to $845 million. [299] The Germans said that 14,000 Jews had been killed7000 during the fighting and 7000 sent to Treblinka[300]and between 53,000[301] and 56,000 deported. What Do Americans Know About the Holocaust? American Jewish Committee. [435] Yom HaShoah became Israel's Holocaust Remembrance Day in 1951. Numbers, Facts and Trends Shaping Your World, claim that the Holocaust was invented or exaggerated by Jews as part of a plot to advance Jewish interests, recent Pew Research Center survey of U.S. teens ages 13 to 17, Holocaust deniers and public misinformation, School District Mission Statements Highlight a Partisan Divide Over Diversity, Equity and Inclusion in K-12 Education, Black and White Americans are far apart in their views of reparations for slavery, Black Americans differ from other U.S. adults over whether individual or structural racism is a bigger problem, How Americans view policy proposals on transgender and gender identity issues, and where such policies exist, Black Americans Have a Clear Vision for Reducing Racism but Little Hope It Will Happen, What the data says about Americans views of climate change, Podcasts as a Source of News and Information, AI in Hiring and Evaluating Workers: What Americans Think, Americans confident in Zelenskyy, but have limited familiarity with some other world leaders, How Public Polling Has Changed in the 21st Century, For more information, see United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Of this total, nearly 1.1 million were Jews, 960,000 of which died in the camp. "[224][t] On 18 December 1941, Hitler and Himmler held a meeting to which Himmler referred in his appointment book as "Juden frage | als Partisanen auszurotten" ("Jewish question / to be exterminated as partisans"). In addition to religious affiliation, several other factors are associated with how much Americans know about the Holocaust. "[290], There was almost no resistance in the ghettos in Poland until the end of 1942. By the end of the war, some 10,000 remained, representing the lowest survival rate in the Balkans and among the lowest in Europe. "Not much will remain of the Jews. The German neuroscientist Julius Hallervorden received 697 brains from one hospital between 1940 and 1944: "I accepted these brains of course. [119], France had approximately 330,000 Jews, divided between the German-occupied north and the unoccupied collaborationist southern areas in Vichy France (named after the town Vichy), more than half this Jewish population were not French citizens, but refugees who had fled Nazi persecution in other countries. [359], The Nazis regarded the Slavs as Untermenschen (non-Aryan inferior people). [168] Longerich wrote in 2010 that the gradual increase in brutality and numbers killed between July and September 1941 suggests there was "no particular order". "Racial" enemies could never belong to the Volksgemeinschaft; they were to be removed from society. "[189][190], According to Dan Stone, the murder of Jews in Romania was "essentially an independent undertaking". [416], There were 5,00025,000 Afro-Germans in Germany when the Nazis came to power. We cannot be sentimental about it. Between 15 March and 10 August 1943, over forty thousand members of the Jewish community of Thessaloniki were rounded up by occupying German forces and deported to the notorious death camp of Auschwitz-Birkenau. Hence, total estimates are calculated only after the end of the war and are based on demographic loss data and the documents of the perpetrators. [96][k] From 1 December, Jews were required to wear Star of David armbands. [b] Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe; [c] around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population. Other groups were persecuted for political or ideological reasons, or on the basis of what the Nazi regime considered to be criminal behavior. At the end of 1941 in occupied Poland, the Germans began building additional camps or expanding existing ones. Later, all Poles will disappear from this world. [159][160] The Germans used the ravine for mass killings throughout the war; up to 100,000 may have been killed there. [401] He adjusted the order on 15 November 1943 to allow "sedentary Gypsies and part-Gypsies" in the occupied Soviet areas to be viewed as citizens. The Nazis, who came to power in Germany in January 1933, believed that Germans were "racially superior" and they wanted to create a racially pure state. However, the questions were not meant to include all of the most essential facts about the Holocaust. [220] The following day, Joseph Goebbels, the Reich Minister of Propaganda, noted in his diary: Regarding the Jewish question, the Fhrer is determined to clear the table. The two institutions also divided the occupied areas slightly differently. [276] They were then herded naked into the gas chambers. About Pew Research Center Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. [19][g] The Nazis used the phrase "Final Solution to the Jewish Question" (German: die Endlsung der Judenfrage). Following Adolf Hitler's appointment as chancellor on 30 January 1933, the regime built a network of concentration camps in Germany for political opponents and those deemed "undesirable", starting with Dachau on 22 March 1933. [37] These ideas became commonplace throughout Germany; the professional classes adopted an ideology that did not see humans as racial equals with equal hereditary value. Inflaming the anti-Jewish sentiment was the apparent over-representation of Jews in the leadership of communist revolutionary governments in Europe, such as Ernst Toller, head of a short-lived revolutionary government in Bavaria. The Jews of Germany were a mere one percent, but to Hitler and his followers, that was one percent too many. [55] Jews were disbarred from practicing law, being editors or proprietors of newspapers, joining the Journalists' Association, or owning farms. While scholars are still researching the scale of the Holocaust in Ukraine, they estimate at least one and a half million Jews were killed . Either the German authorities were a party to this outbreak or their powers over public order and a hooligan minority are not what they are proudly claimed to be. [e] The biblical term shoah (Hebrew: ), meaning "calamity" (and also used to refer to "destruction" since the Middle Ages), became the standard Hebrew term for the murder of the European Jews. On 910 November 1938, eight months after Germany annexed Austria, Jewish businesses and other buildings were ransacked or set on fire throughout Germany and Austria on what became known as Kristallnacht (the "Night of Broken Glass"). [102] Although the Warsaw Ghetto contained 30 percent of the city's population, it occupied only 2.4 percent of its area,[103] averaging over nine people per room. [326], By 1943 it was evident to the leadership of the armed forces that Germany was losing the war. And a similar share (45%) know that approximately 6 million Jews were killed in the Holocaust. [154] Each Einsatzgruppe numbered around 6001,000 men, with a few women in administrative roles. Most U.S. adults know what the Holocaust was and approximately when it happened, but fewer than half can correctly answer multiple-choice questions about the number of Jews who were murdered or the way Adolf Hitler came to power, according to a new Pew Research Center survey. Nevertheless, some Jews were able to escape to neutral countries, whose policies ranged from rescue to non-action.

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