Copyright Sandbox Learning Limited. . Even just before impact, the pilots cannot even close their eyes; total commitment is necessary throughout the entire doomed flight. It is also part of the more. Method: We examine Japanese military ideology at a particular stage in the war to contextualize a rhetorical analysis of the two translated texts. We conclude that certain pilot mortality affects the instructional form, the language reinforces the inevitability of the suicidal act, the images included dehumanize the act further, and the manuals seem created to address potential disciplinary issues. As seen here, the success of this attack stems truly in the spiritual strength of the in-air workers. Recently revamped and expanded, this free lesson includes analyses of key quotations, differentiated activities and helpful notes for both teachers and students. Historically speaking, bushido was a code for samurai, but, in WWII, this was extended to the common soldier, sailor, or pilot, who now saw capture or surrender as unthinkable. Sato, H. (2007, Oct. 29). However, in this desperate context, that same appeal becomes much more morbid in Manual 2 than the style of Manual 1. Air Force Magazine. A fiery, violent suicide is reduced to an easy-to-solve trigonometry problem. Additionally, there is a great deal of material and thought put into what kind of approach the plane should take, which depends on the situation. PDF downloads of all 1725 LitCharts literature guides, and of every new one we publish. English Lit - Poetry Flashcard Maker: Nolan Inema. (31) Although the point of crash varies depending on the airplane types, target types, size, speed, etc., [the target] should be the center of the deck in the case of a steep dive crash. fathers boat safe. In the West, a military manual would generally assume there is at least a chance of returning alive. Figure 2 is a sample excerpt taken from Chapter 1 that, upon a cursory glance, illustrates the cumbersome nature of the majority of steps included. Get started for free to track progress, measure results and access thousands of educational activities in English, maths and science. De Velasco, J. The entire country, in effect, was operating under this code by that timea code punishable by execution and implied consequences for the family of the disobeyer. Dangerous neighbors: Erasive rhetoric and communities at risk. From the creators of SparkNotes, something better. Leff, M. (2016). Mike Duncan is a professor of English at the University of Houston-Downtown. Without specific orders to do so, and the military structure to enable the act, we suspect kamikaze attacks would have still occurred but would have been far rarer and disorganized. And though he The opening stanza begins with a mention of the samurai sword carried by the pilot, a clear indicator of the culture from which the pilot comes. With an EdPlace account youll be able to track and measure progress, helping each child achieve their best. This signals the continuation of the samurai tradition through the actions of the kamikaze pilots. Descent into Hell: The Battle of Okinawa. Based on these observations, we would make four global arguments about Manual 1. Keywords: manuals, ethics, rhetorical analysis, military documentation, World War II. We suggest that manual writers today should be cognizant of precisely what they are making possible, and remember that what they view now as inevitable or necessary may be illusory or optional; indeed, the hypothetical and, from all sources at the time, certain ground invasion that drove the writing and consumption of these manuals never happened, due to Japans surrender in August 1945 after the American atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Set around the time of the Iraq 2368268). The tuna, a dark prince, reminds us of the dangers and menaces of the natural world. There is also the related ishi o motte (to own a clear will): (22) Although whether they should continue to move forward if the [Togo troop] encounters an enemy battle plane while moving forward depends on the commands of the high-level commander, the attack force commander is to judge the conditions of that time appropriately and do his best to avoid the start of a battle. . Yooryoo is the term used for plans and for the manual itself; it is a very serious word that means anything from outlines, key points, instructions, or a manual. Helping you revise for your GCSEs -Comparing poetry - Power and Conflict (p. 78). "the little fishing boats strung out like bunting" "like a huge flag waved first one way then the other in a figure of eight" AQA Kamikaze by Beatrice Garland A poem about a kamikaze pilot who returns home and faces rejection. docx, 46.37 KB. Power and Conflict: 'Kamikaze'. The Japan Times. sea. Technical Communication Quarterly, 11(1), 3159. Horne, A. Things made by words: Reflections on textual criticism. We're here to help each child succeed. Garland discusses the poem in this short interview. There is a huge emphasis on efficiency; Togo attacks must be highly organized and orders must be obeyed without question. Copies of this directive were even distributed to the Japanese civilian population by 1945. . She never lost her love of poetry however and began to join poetry classes and workshops. The last two stanzas of the poem are written in this way as the daughter explains the impact of her fathers decision to return home. The first full stop of the entire poem occurs at the end of the fifth stanza as the pilot makes the life altering decision to turn back and the remainder of the poem is in the voice of his daughter. It is inevitable that [we] predict various types of confusion and mistakes. A fascinating essay that looks into the Japanese attitude towards shame and honor. The ethic of expediency: Classical rhetoric, technology, and the holocaust. Technical instructions typically promote agency in the user by affording the opportunity to complete a task. (Reprinted from Textual criticism: The legacy of G.P. (2001, September 29). Sections of the poem are presented in italics as. A GCSE lesson looking at the AQA Power and Conflict poem 'Kamikaze' by Beatrice Garland. What is a kamikaze? What made the Togo pilots unique is their highly organized, even mechanistic operation, enabled by the language and structure of their manuals. It made sense to Japanese commanders to adapt these two already tested techniques to kamikaze warfare, particularly the simultaneous use of multiple aircraft. Conclusion: Through the genre of procedure, the two manuals help legitimize and normalize an invariably suicidal act. Near the beginning, in passage 3, there is an admonition that introduces a recurring element of remorse and questioning: (3) The true purpose of Togo troop is to go over and beyond life-and-death, and to exert completely the unique battle power with mentality of truly [ikan-naku] (completely, without remorse) and risk their own lives and excellent battle skills, and to [bakushin shoototsu] (dash and crash) into the enemys moving or stationed ships, invariably sink them, and then to destroy the enemys plan so that doing so opens up the paths to success for all of the [Japanese] military. Naval Institute Press. Dragga, S., & Voss, D. (2001). Historynet. The word safe is repeated across two stanzas, perhaps reflecting the pilots desire for safety himself. Loorbach, N., Karreman, J., & Steehouder, M. (2007). These directives are perhaps stark by Western standards, but they have a history and grounding in a moral code. However, we note that the entire manual, once read through, has a noticeable additive effect. It is like a long shot in a movie suddenly turning into a close-up and the scene expands in your face. The pilots actions were meant to be bold and affirmative and bring honour and glory to the nation. Idioms 7. Second, for the Togo pilots, immersed in a bushido-driven culture, hearing about their friends dying in action (making it difficult to excuse not risking their lives as well), living under the Japanese Field Service Code that forbade surrender or capture, and faced with an imminent ground invasion of Japans home islands (reinforced strongly by American propaganda), the most rational and really the only choice was to become a living missile. (2016). PDFs of modern translations of every Shakespeare play and poem. Fatal deliverance from an Iron Storm. The poem's content, ideas, language and structure are explored. The division between the two formal chapters, Attack Preparation and Attack Implementation, feels arbitrary. The sadness created in both poems shows the difficulty of internal conflict too. Results: We explore different complementary and dynamic rhetorical aspects of the texts, such as their approach to their respective audiences, the recurring subjects of remorse and questioning orders, the normalization of the suicidal act, the need for mental toughness in the pilots, the recurring use of the imperative mood, and the dehumanizing role of images. However, we found Farkass (1999) terminology particularly useful for our analysis: specifically, the four system states; desired, prerequisite, interim, and unwanted; allowed us to describe the subgoals of the authors of the manuals, and step-rich is a good description of both manuals as a whole in that they are more loosely constructed than the streamlined-step approach (p. 44). We are grateful to Mr. Takeshi Kawatoko of the Chiran Peace Museum, who generously shared with us a copy of Manual 1 and tirelessly advised us on the Japanese language of the time and the contextualized, implied meanings in the text. Or, more pressing for technical communicators, is writing such a manual at all ethical? You should always refer to your own text when working through these examples. Japanese commanders did not know the atomic bomb that would destroy Hiroshima and Nagasaki was coming, so they were facing, in their minds, a near-certain conventional invasion. We feel it is important to subject wartime documents to rhetorical analysis so that their rhetorical maneuvers are left transparent to history, and especially for the benefit of those who may write such military discourse in the future. We begin by providing some historical context as well as a discussion of Japanese military ideology in the last stage of the war; second, we describe relevant literature and our method of approach; third, we discuss our findings from our rhetorical analysis of the two manuals; and fourth, we note the special ethical concerns that the texts raise, before making some final conclusions. *Student progress - Students who used EdPlace learning materials progressed by an average of 153% in English, maths and science over an academic year. a Japanese suicide pilot used in World War 2 Name the three main themes of the poem. (Reprinted from Things made by words: Reflections on textual criticism, 1992, Quarterly Journal of Speech, 78, 223231). The standard introduction to technical/professional writing class at the undergraduate level usually leans on a catch-all, genre-based textbook that has a single chapter on instructions, if that, with relatively pedestrian examples. The early placement of this claim suggests it is foundational for the overall rhetorical effect of reinforcing of the missions inevitable conclusionthe desired state of death. A. Campbell, and D, Henry (Eds. The other two images, Attack Assignments and Formations, are no less dehumanizing and simplifying. After being told to keep ones eyes open during the last moments of the attack, there is a moment of sublimity: You will sense that your speed has suddenly and abruptly increased. For this activity, you will need to turn to the poem 'Kamikaze' by Beatrice Garland, which can be found in the Power and Conflict section of your Anthology. Loorbach, N., Steehouder, M., & Taal, E. (2006). Even with this focus on the officer in command, Manual 1 still falls safely within the states model of procedural discourse described by Farkas (1999) as it often, deliberately or not, blends the pilots roles with those of the officers. Bliese, J. R. E. (1994). meaning. yes, grandfathers In the West, we often valorize our military for selfless, solo acts; think of the almost stereotypical soldier who falls on a grenade to save his comrades, or another who charges an enemy machine-gun nest alone. Suicide is rendered as trigonometry. Reconsidering power and legitimacy in technical communication: A case for enlarging the definition of technical communicator. The Japanese navy and army were issued a pocket-sized Instructions for the Battlefield, or Senjinkun, published in January 1941, which portrayed surrender or capture as strictly forbidden and dishonorable (Correll, 2015). Pilot preparation shares an emphasis on mental and spiritual preparation with Manual 1: Transcend life and death. It was first used to describe a series of typhoons (serious storms from the sea) that prevented two of Kublai Khan's attempts to invade Japan in the 13 th century. towards the sun, and remembered how Like what you see? The most important theme of the poem is the brutality of war. However, given the place is not named, the poem offers a . Journal of Technical Writing and Communication, 25(3), 261273. Beauregards battle orders and Report of the First Battle of Bull Run. Michigan State University Press. Stanford UP. Bernhardts 1992 study of two versions (1970 and 1990) of an Army maintenance manual using cartoon images of women is illustrative. With planes full of explosives and just enough fuel to make it to their target, kamikaze pilots had to fly directly at American warships to inflict maximum damagekilling themselves in the process. The pilot has a shaven head which is full of powerful incantations, both images more indicative of Buddhist or Shinto monks and priests than soldiers and pilots. Screen captures to support switching attention. Find related themes, quotes, symbols, characters, and more. We hope you've enjoyed trying some of our activities. This is not to say that we, the authors, think their actions were reasonable and rational, but rather, the pilots and commanders thought so, and manuals like this one provided an inevitable procedure to fall back upon in moments of doubt. The Japanese army and navy in WWII, through the Senjinkun and propaganda, were quick to link the sense of duty in bushido to the war effort. We explore rhetorical dynamics implicit within the text, the texts as part of the instructional genre, and ethical concerns particular to the context of the texts and desired actions they describe. Comparisons and alternative. green-blue translucent sea, and beneath them, This character originally looked a little more like lightening, which represented the ancient belief that such night-splitting events marked the arrival of a god. Suicide attacks were made by pilots of other nations, such as the Germans (Feifer, 2012), but they were not organized. Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. Technical Communication, 46(1), 4254. Dragga, S., & Gong, G. (2014). In other words, we wanted to learn how the authors of these manuals intended for them to function rhetorically, by our describing how the various argumentative elements present in the text worked together to achieve the authors intentionsthe implicit rhetorical dynamics. Our initial examination of Manual 1 suggested that its paragraph-centric structure had an additive or cumulative rhetorical effect on the reader that could best be explained by such a holistic view. A key aspect to bushido is the act of seppuku, where a dishonored samurai voluntarily commits suicide if sufficiently dishonored or wounded, or is ordered to do so by a superior. This pilot however turns back and is forever shunned afterwards. Still, the references to mental strength or will are a failsafe, in that the Togo high-level commander needed to monitor the pilots for potential lapses in willpower. A dive bomber would approach from a high altitude and dive at a steep angle toward the target, increasing speed and accuracy dramatically before dropping its bombs at the more thinly armored top of the target ship (Smith, 1982). Her email address is hillj@uhd.edu. Part of Sandbox Learning Limited. Past explorations of technical communication ethics include the desirability of humanistic visuals, especially when describing human tragedy (Dragga & Voss, 2001; Dragga & Voss, 2003) as well as, increasingly, sensitivity to the circumstances of intercultural technical communication (Flammia & Voss, 2007) and its teaching (Aguad & Voss, 2017). Baer, G. W. (1996). Imperative 4. 2 but my memory of it is sunlight-clear. The table of contents (Figure 1) includes an overview, two chapters, and appendices. Form, structure and language Form. The words are spoken with wonder however. Later, as he looks down at the boats, the poem revolves around the glories of nature and the sea. mother father grandmother brother and children all are mentioned in the poem. Teachers of instructional writing have countless choices when it comes to providing real-world examples of genre, but few examples are as gripping, ethically problematic, and dramatic as these. In the following questions, you will look at the language techniques used in both poems. I knew there was something wrong with that paper: Scientific rhetorical styles and scientific misunderstandings. Track progress, measure results and access thousands of online tutorial worksheets in Maths, English and Science with an EdPlace subscription. Best practice in image placement suggests that images are most effective when integrated in close proximity to the directive they illustrate. Not only is he shunned by his neighbors, but his wife refuses to speak to him or look him in the eye. The pilot is to head directly for the target and kill himself and others with the maximum amount of efficiency. The desired state is the destruction of the target vessel; the prerequisite state is locating the target; the interim states are getting into position to attack; unwanted states include making a bad approach that misses the target (Farkas, 1999; van der Meij & Gellevvij, 2004) or questioning the mission. Japan faced an unimaginable defeat at the hands of the US, when it was widely believed by Japanese that the US tortured their prisoners to death, whether military or civilian, and that they would butcher the Japanese civilian population in an invasion. It is one of the poems in the AQA Anthology. 'incantation' - a magic spell or chant 'bunting' - strings of flags, often used in celebration 'breakers' - big waves that come in to the shore 5 8. Soldiers disobeying an order could be executed summarily, and their entire families could suffer consequences as well; this discipline was just as harsh in the Togo squadrons, where officers sometimes capriciously sent pilots they disliked out on missions while delaying others from more prominent families (Ohnuki-Tierney, 2006, p. 11). Smith, P. (1982). As such, it presents the national identity of Japan in various guises. Analyse the Language Techniques Used in the Poem 'Kamikaze' by Beatrice Garland In this worksheet, students will analyse the language devices used in the poem 'Kamikaze' by Beatrice Garland. The rhetoric of misdirection in corporate privacy-policy statements. However, perhaps most notable about these images is what they do not includeany real aspect of hurtling hundreds of miles an hour in a plane toward a collision with a huge, near-stationary steel target that is actively shooting back, or the sudden explosion in a giant ball of fire and debris. When you begin your dive, you must harmonize the height at which you commence the final attack with your speed. 30a tuna, the dark prince, muscular, dangerous. Shame and Honor The pilot in 'Kamikaze',who struggles between his love for his country and his need to turn around, and the mother in'Poppies',who longs to tell her son not to go to war, but also knows that she must allow him this freedom. This poem tells the story of akamikaze pilot who, unlike many of his comrades,turns back from his target and returns home. The poem tells us about a kamikaze pilot during the Second World War. Reeves, C. (2005). This was often the real response to pilots who chose not to complete their suicide mission. These two approaches, the dive and the horizontal, mimic the two common naval bombing techniques at the time: the dive bomber and the torpedo bomber. Journal of Technical Writing and Communication, 46(3), 311341. This will also enable you to concentrate your attention on eradicating the enemy with unwavering determination, meanwhile reinforcing your excellence in flight skills. Central to these analyses is a charge for technical communicators to accept the moral responsibility to bring humanity to the verbal and visual display of information (Dragga & Voss, 2003, pp. There is a lengthy sequence dealing with the strong imagery of the sea and the power of nature. Attack Assignments renders, again, the planes and the ships as the same size, and draws a mere connecting line between plane and ship to represent the desired approach. You feel that you are suddenly floating in the air. *Student progress - Students who used EdPlace learning materials progressed by an average of 153% in English, maths and science over an academic year. Subscribe to Beyondfrom as little as 5 per month, giving you access to a range of resources. He embarks on his final, suicide mission with thoughts of glory and his country filling him but then sees the world below him as he flies. The emphasis on mental power and will is telling; we would not see this in a pilots manual that did not assume the pilot was going to die. You can see clearly the muzzles of the enemys guns. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, 47(1), 526. Curriculum subtopic: Indeed, the pilots wife never spoke again in his presence and the children eventually learned to be silent. Comparisons and alternative. ), Rethinking rhetorical theory, criticism, and pedagogy (pp. Symbolism Emotive language The Emotive Language Effect 'green blue translucent sea'. The narration covers her visit to a war memorial, interspersed with images of the soldiers childhood and his departure for war. There has been extensive exploration of motivational content (Loorbach et al., 2013; Loorbach et al., 2007; Loorbach et al., 2006); as well as instructional design, namely system states, streamlined-step and step-rich procedures (Farkas, 1999; Gellevvij & van der Meij, 2004); the use of prominent headings, multimodal qualities, and organizational strategies (Ganier, 2004); and the importance of genre (Miller, 1984), but none of this research examines any instructional tasks remotely as serious and extreme as wartime suicide attacks. Kamikaze by Beatrice Garland lesson, a part of the Power and Conflict anthology. (read the full definition & explanation with examples). He was a kamikaze pilot during the Second World War, fighting for the Japanese. kamikaze was the term used for the ww2 japanise plane divers. In a similar vein, Miller (1989) argues that professional communication is a matter of arguing toward the good of the community rather of constructing texts, but for the good of which community (p. 23)? The math is necessary, but the chasm between the images and the humans obliterated in an instant is wide. Personification 13. Correll, J. T. (2015). Assonance 3. Language Techniques: Symbolism (geographical location), Imagery (paints a picture of his departure), Word Choice (allusion to being brainwashed), Metaphor, Simile (positive connotations), Simile, Symbolism (eternity connotations), Symbolism, Imagery, Italics, Sibilance, Word choice, Punctuation , Examples (direct quotes): Sunrise, Her father The poem is structured as a series of eight stanzas of five lines. Power and Conflict: 'Kamikaze'. Furthermore, we suggest that, even early on, Manual 1 represents what we call, for lack of a better term, a closed procedure. is an ethical choice, to weigh visual strategies against rhetorical goals (2006, p. 210). The aircraft were often modified to hold explosives and bombs, carrying only enough fuel to reach their target. . Imagery 2. It offers an exhortation to willpower and action while simultaneously not offering much detail, chiefly as one cannot practice a Togo mission like other airplane maneuvers. The only discretion allowed Togo pilots is being able to return when they are unable to locate the target or targets: (23) If it is inevitable that the [Togo troop] returns due to conditions, especially the interference of the weather, being unable to find the target, etc., Togo in-air workers, without being disappointed, need to be prepared for the next attack with even a stronger ishi (will) . The word was later used by the Japanese press to describe the flying units of the Japanese military that agreed to carry out suicide missions during the Second World War against American warships. There is a brief glimpse of possible empathy in passage 3, as noted before, but it seems to be a slip of an otherwise authoritative mask. It is difficult to draw a close link between seppuku and Togo suicide attacks, but they do have in common the concept of a suicidal act that grants or restores honor to the subject, family, or country. pptx, 733.76 KB. Bernhardts manual analysis would be enriched, for example, when placed against a contrast such as the Tigerfibel and Pantherfibel manuals (which used sex as well as elaborate rhyming to entice reading) issued to German tank crews in WWII. Half way there he looked down at the boats below him on the sea and began to remember his childhood. The essay also focuses on bushido (which originated with the samurai warriors). Katz, S. B. ), Teaching and training for global engineering: Perspectives on culture and professional communication practices (pp. This blog explores the poem Kamikaze by Beatrice Garland, covering: Kamikaze is an early 21st century poem by the English poet, Beatrice Garland. The daughter imagines why her father chose to turn back, seeing the earth and sea below him and remembering his own childhood. Patriotism, high at the beginning of training, dwindled (p. 6), and as one doomed pilot wrote in his diary three months before his final mission, To be honest, I cannot say that the wish to die for the emperor is genuine, coming from my heart. chattered and laughed. (2006). It is our hope that this rhetorical analysis sheds light on the phenomenon of the Togo attacks and opens up future fruitful analysis of other military manuals and discourse, particularly those from World War II. 1 There once was a country I left it as a child. It is one of the poems in the AQA Anthology. The real organization seems to be by paragraph, each numbered, with 49 paragraphs total. In the West and in certain Japanese contexts, these pilots are typically called kamikaze, loosely translated as divine wind.. The concept of ikan-naku (completely, without remorse) seems odd to include if the pilots did not have any doubt; there is, then, a tacit betrayal of the possibly questionable nature of the order.

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