Also, it creates effects similar to the benzodiazepine class of drugs which can result in dependency. Try to keep the water droplets away from the leaves while watering. The side effects were reported only in a single case, and the study did not explain their cause in relation to the treatment. However, how does magnolia extract modulate kidney inflammation and oxidative stress in obesity status is still unclear. This article reviews what it is, its best uses, potential benefits, and side, Suma root has many medicinal uses in folk medicine, but scientific evidence supporting its purported benefits is lacking. The easiest and most effective way to treat powdery mildew is to spray magnolia leaves and branches with an aqueous solution of horticultural oil. People who use benzodiazepine may use magnolia bark as a natural sedative. 6 Benefits and Side Effects of Relora (Sleep, Weight Loss), 4 Benefits of Phellodendron Bark Extract (for Dopamine, Skin? There is one limitation in our study. Does Magnolia Bark have any interactions with other supplements? Epub 2012 Jul 4. Boil 3 cups of water in a vessel and add about 2 cups of dry magnolia petals. This makes it hard to set a standard dose. Theoretically, magnolia might cause additive CNS depression and/or excessive bleeding when used perioperatively. The bark of Magnolia oficinalis has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries to address anxiety and nervous tension and to promote sleep. Taking magnolia bark along with drugs that promote sleep or treat anxiety, such as sedatives, sleep medications, and barbiturates, may cause drowsiness. Urinary albumin and creatinine levels were examined to reflect renal function. Anti-bacterial: helps against acne and itching. Nrf2 deficiency improves glucose tolerance in mice fed a high-fat diet. found that increasing Nrf2 activity did not prevent diet-induced obesity and had limited effects on lipid metabolism [40]. Chronic inflammation in fat plays a crucial role in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance. Epub 2013 Aug 23. 2012 Nov;63(6):1191-9. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.06.031. This is a rather serious disease that can lead to the death of the tree if left untreated. Preclinical effects of honokiol on treating glioblastoma multiforme via G1 phase arrest and cell apoptosis. Another study in 180 menopausal women determined that a supplement containing magnolia bark, soy isoflavones, and lactobacilli more effectively reduced the severity and frequency of hot flashes than a supplement containing the soy isoflavones alone (33). All rights reserved. Though the use of magnolia bark is common in traditional Chinese medicine, you may wonder what current research says about the tree bark. Thirty mice were randomly divided into six groups (n = 5) and fed either an LFD (10% kcal as fat; D12450B, Research Diets Inc. NJ) or an HFD (60%kcal as fat; D12492B, Research Diets Inc. NJ) with or without BL153 for six months. In addition, some research -- in humans and animals -- suggests magnolia may also be useful in these ways: Some research has suggested some other possible benefits for magnolia: It might also help treat or prevent: Supplement makers may suggest varying amounts of their product for different purposes. The short-term side effects of magnolia bark are generally mild but can range from headaches, upset stomachs, and dizziness to fatigue, diarrhea, nausea, and dry mouth. Urine samples were collected and then all mice were sacrificed for study. Repeat the spraying in two weeks. A fairly large variety of pathogens can cause magnolia leaf disease. Magnolol in Magnolia Bark will stimulate corticosterone secretion which will likely cause problems if you are using steroid medication. If the gall has formed on a side branch, cut it off a little below this spot. Molecules. Spray the leaves and petioles with an aqueous solution of copper fungicide. 2011 Feb;63(1):11-7. American Chemical Society. The supplement can not only help improve sleep, stress, anxiety, and symptoms of menopause but also may have anticancer and antioxidant properties. The beneficial effects of magnolol on learning and memory abilities were reported to be associated with superoxide dismutase (SOD) restoration in a scopolamine-induced mouse model [26]. If you decide to supplement with magnolia bark, carefully follow the manufacturers instructions regarding how much to take and how often. People have traditionally used magnolia to try to treat: Anxiety. Contact dermatitis: In 4 patients following application of magnolia extract-containing cosmetics(44)(45). The bark of M. officinalis was dried in the shade at room temperature and stored in a dark, cold room until use. Additionally, a test-tube study found that magnolol inhibited the growth of lung cancer cells (21, 22). Tear off leaves that have more than four or five spots on them. Repeat the spraying in 7 to 10 days. Once worked as a pivotal mediator in glycolysis by catalyzing the phosphorylation of glucose to generate glucose 6-phosphate [32], HK II has emerged to play a role in oxidative stress recently [33, 34]. Preliminary clinical studies suggest benefits with magnolia for vasomotor symptoms(38), weight management(39), and oral health(40). In traditional Chinese medicine, magnolia bark is often harvested by being peeled or cut away from the tree. One type Magnolia officinalis is commonly called the houpo magnolia, or sometimes simply magnolia bark.. In a 2016 review, magnolia bark was found to improve high blood sugar levels and diabetic complications in animals (15). Data in humans are limited. Further, magnolia bark has a well-established safety profile for short-term use. PMID: 15856410. This can make it unsafe for you to drive a vehicle or use heavy machinery. Effect of a proprietary Magnolia and Phellodendron extract on weight management: a pilot, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Guerrero-Beltrn CE, Caldern-Oliver M, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Chirino YI. A product that contains myclobutanil works best. Moreover, our results showed that PGC-1 was slightly elevated in the kidney of HFD-fed mice. 1994 Feb 9;47(3):549-53. doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(94)90187-2. Digestive problems. Chewing gum with magnolia bark extract may promote better breath and gum health. Walker JM, Maitra A, Walker J, et al. Drug users may misuse magnolia bark for its feel-good effect. The pathogen enters the tree through damage (wounds, cracks, etc.). During the six-month feeding, body weight was measured every month, and the gavage volume was justified based on the body weight change. Several previous studies about magnolia extract obtained similar conclusions. Clean the wound of dead tissue. 19 Magnolia Bark Medicinal Uses (Kidney Failure Side Effects? A white substance that resembles powder appears on the leaves. Planta Med. BL153 administration in an obese state attenuates kidney inflammation and oxidative stress, leading to improved renal pathological and functional alterations. Lee Y-J, Lee YM, Lee C-K, Jung JK, Han SB, Hong JT. Excess stress is a common problem. The disease results in large growths on the tree that are much larger than the branch or trunk on which they are growing. Show transcript for video How kidneys work. The site is secure. Magnolia might have CNS depressant and antiplatelet effects (11946,11952,18273). Biofactors. The flower and bark of Magnolia have been widely used as traditional herbal remedy for various disorders such as headache, fever, anxiety, diarrhea, stroke, and asthma. Modulation of P-glycoprotein expression by honokiol, magnolol and 4-O-methylhonokiol, the bioactive components of. The results showed that inflammation markers (tumor necrosis factor- and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1) and oxidative stress markers (3-nitrotyrosine and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal) were all significantly increased in the kidney of HFD-fed mice compared to mice fed with a low fat diet (LFD). Do all this work while it is dry. Some studies suggest it has anti-allergy effects. PMID: 24062717; PMCID: PMC3769637. Zhang GS, Wang RJ, Zhang HN, Zhang GP, Luo MS, Luo JD. Effect of a proprietary Magnolia and Phellodendron extract on weight management: a pilot, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Additionally, kidney NQO1 was significantly decreased in HFD mice compared with LFD mice; however, it was increased by BL153 administration (Figure 5(b)). Wood decay is a rather serious disease that affects the trunk of the tree. In acute myeloid leukemia cells, honokiol inhibited STAT3 signaling via increased protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP1 expression(26). Identification of, Kuo WL, Chung CY, Hwang TL, Chen JJ. This will help them manage your care and keep you safe. Purified from the Magnolia officinalis, magnolol was found to exert an anti-inflammatory property via repressing lipopolysaccharide-induced Toll-like receptor 4 expression, subsequent nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-B), and MAPK signaling pathway in uterine epithelial cells [23]. After that, accumulating evidence supported that obesity is an independent risk factor for renal structural and functional changes, leading to end-stage renal disease which brings the society a heavy economic burden [2, 3]. Two antiplatelet agents from Magnolia officinalis. PMID: 18093712. The bark contains the active constituents magnolol and honokiol. Ong CP, Lee WL, Tang YQ, Yap WH. Besides anti-inflammation properties, Magnolia extract has also been found to take part in ameliorating oxidative stress through different pathways. Moisturizer: prevents the loss of skin elasticity and reduces small wrinkles. Spray the wound with copper fungicide and when it is dry, spray again with alcohol. Strain the liquid and remove any petals before drinking the petal tea. Especially for lowering stress, studies observed that consuming 500 mg of magnolia and Phellodendron bark extract per day greatly reduced cortisol levels. Many benefits of magnolia bark can be attributed to two powerful polyphenols magnolol and honokiol. A 2019 review study found that honokiol has shown potential to prevent tumor growth in the brain, breast, colon, liver, and skin, among other organs (17). Alcohol can kill bacteria and reduce the activity of the disease. Cui W, Bai Y, Miao X, et al. Similar elevation was also found in the pancreas islets of type 2 diabetic rats [30], while other observation declared a reduction of PGC-1 in the adipose tissue of insulin-resistant and obesity individuals [31]. If wood decay progresses, use the services of a tree treatment company. Does dihydrohonokiol, a potent anxiolytic compound, result in the development of benzodiazepine-like side effects? This finding was supported by a previous human study in obesity and type 2 diabetes individuals [32]. A chemical in magnolia reduced damage in the. Taken together, it is possible that magnolia extract (BL153) attenuates kidney inflammation and oxidative stress via increasing PGC-1 -mediated various antioxidative protein expressions under different conditions. It is also used to regulate gastrointestinal motility(50) and is found in herbal formulas such as Ma Zi Ren Wan. Some early case studies of women undergoing weight management treatment reported kidney issues caused due to a preparation containing magnolia bark, however, further analysis revealed possible contamination, adulteration, or use of substandard products as the cause of kidney damage. Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center makes no warranties nor express or implied representations whatsoever regarding the accuracy, completeness, timeliness, comparative or controversial nature, or usefulness of any information contained or referenced on this Web site. However, no effective therapeutic method for obesity-associated kidney disease is available. PMID: 17949053. Magnolia bark can also be toxic and has been linked to kidney disease and permanent kidney failure. However, young trees can be severely damaged if the disease is noticed too late. The first thing to do is to remove leaves that are more than half brown. Phytotherapy has been used for human disease as an alternative or complement to allopathic medicines for several centuries [8, 9]. What Is Elecampane Root, and Does It Have Benefits? In using this website you agree that neither Memorial Sloan Kettering nor any other party is or will be liable or otherwise responsible for any decision made or any action taken or any action not taken due to your use of any information presented at this website. biloba Rehder & E.H.Wilson (Magnoliaceae) and it is indicated in CHM for conditions that include vomiting and diarrhea, abdominal disorders, and cough ( CPC, 2010 ). Accumulating evidence demonstrated that obesity is a risk factor for renal structural and functional changes, leading to the end-stage renal disease which imposes a heavy economic burden on the community. BL153 upregulated renal PGC-1 and NQO1 expression. Epub 2016 Oct 6. The lipid peroxidation by-product 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) induces insulin resistance in skeletal muscle through both carbonyl and oxidative stress. Cui W, Maimaitiyiming H, Qi X, Norman H, Wang S. Thrombospondin 1 mediates renal dysfunction in a mouse model of high-fat diet-induced obesity. Chronic kidney disease can progress to end-stage kidney failure, which is fatal without artificial filtering (dialysis) or a kidney transplant. Expression of the thermogenic nuclear hormone receptor coactivator PGC-1. ", Molecular Nutrition and Food Research: "Long-term supplementation of honokiol and magnolol ameliorates body fat accumulation, insulin resistance, and adipose inflammation in high-fat fed mice. Introducing the aspect of non-pharmacological treatment of diabetes . Is Garcinia Cambogia Safe for Weight Loss? Magnolia may protect. All information in this website is for informational and/or entertainment purposes only, and is not reviewed by any qualified medical professional, and it is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Soy isoflavones, lactobacilli, Magnolia bark extract, vitamin D3 and calcium. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. A second study of the same magnolia and phellodendron bark extract in 56 adults observed that consuming 500 mg of the extract per day resulted in significantly lower cortisol levels and improved mood (25). 8600 Rockville Pike There were no treatment-related effects in clinical observations, macroscopic or microscopic findings, hematological . One study found that breath mints made with magnolia bark helped kill the oral bacteria that causes bad breath and tooth decay within 30 minutes, suggesting that magnolia bark in gum and mints may make visits to the dentist's office much more pleasant. In the present study, we explored the therapeutic potential of a magnolia extract (BL153) for. Another important observation in this study was that kidney HK II expression was lower in HFD group mice than that in LFD group mice. Magnolia officinalis is a flowering herb that has been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat anxiety, depression, stress, nervousness, and sleep-related problems. 2016 Dec 4;193:657-662. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.10.016. Furthermore, honokiol may not only have anticancer properties itself but also help increase the effectiveness of other anticancer and radiation drug therapies (18, 19). Similarly, increased kidney 3-NT and 4-HNE expression caused by HFD feeding were all prevented by BL153 treatment (Figure 4). Hexokinase Ii knockdown results in exaggerated cardiac hypertrophy via increased ros production. Some researchers believe that these effects are due to honokiol, a natural compound in the bark. P < 0.05 versus HFD group. Sulforaphane, isolated from cabbage and broccoli, is another Nrf2 activator and regulates Nrf2 by disassociating Nrf2 from its inhibitor Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 and subsequently facilitating Nrf2 into the nucleus [39]. It is a disease that quite severely spoils the appearance of the bright green leaves of magnolia trees. Jiang S, Zhang L-F, Zhang H-W, et al. How can Magnolia Bark help in managing High Blood Pressure? Memorial Sloan Kettering does not assume any risk whatsoever for your use of this website or the information contained herein. Nevertheless, additional research in humans is needed. Tweak prevents Tnf-Alpha-induced insulin resistance through Pp2a activation in human adipocytes. Clean the wound of dead wood and wash it with fungicide. In murine models, honokiol enhanced low-dose docetaxel treatment against prostate cancer growth and bone metastasis(37), and reduced breast tumor growth biomarkers(48). Before Though more rigorous human studies are needed, the polyphenol shows promise as an anticancer therapy in humans (20). Sweating, anxiety, and blurred vision have also been reported as potential side effects in some cases. PMID: 22771461. Another candidate molecule is HK II. Spoto B, Mattace-Raso F, Sijbrands E, et al. A study in 40 women ages 2050 found that taking 250 mg of magnolia and phellodendron bark extract 3 times a day resulted in greater relief of short-term and temporary anxiety than taking a placebo (24). You cannot get magnolia naturally from foods. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. When cortisol levels decrease, it suggests that overall stress has also decreased. Phytomedicine. Zhang YK, Wu KC, Liu J, Klaassen CD. Chronic kidney disease (CKD), an inflammatory disease, can lead to end stage renal disease resulting in dialysis and transplant. Agosta C, Atlante M, Benvenuti C. Randomized controlled study on clinical efficacy of isoflavones plus Lactobacillus sporogenes, associated or not with a natural anxiolytic agent in menopause. Inhibition of melanogenesis and antioxidant properties of magnolia grandiflora L. Flower extract. At the end of experiment, after urine samples were collected, all mice were sacrificed for further analysis. Not enough is known to rate the safety of topical supplements with Magnolia Bark applied to the skin. Only then can it exhibit its maximum antimicrobial potential. Can you get magnolia naturally from foods? J Neuroinflammation. Characteristic ndings include mild pro-teinuria, proximal tubular dysfunction, sterile pyuria,anaemia out of proportion to the degree of renal failure andsmall smooth kidneys.54Histology shows prominent intersti-tial brosis and tubular atrophy, with little cellular inltrationand mild glomerular damage. Thromb Res. Oxidative stress also appears to play a significant role in many changes in the body and mind that accompany aging (11). Magnolia bark can also be toxic and has been linked to kidney disease and permanent kidney failure. Take care not to damage any living tissue. Magnolol affects expression of IGF-1 and associated binding proteins in human prostate cancer cells in vitro. Honokiol inhibits sphere formation and xenograft growth of oral cancer side population cells accompanied with JAK/STAT signaling pathway suppression and apoptosis induction. Data were collected from five animals for each group and presented as means SD. Afterward, feed the tree with a multi-purpose fertilizer. Qualitative analysis for glomerular enlargement was indicated by mean glomerular area (c). Lo YC, Teng CM, Chen CF, Chen CC, Hong CY. Also black necroses appear in the most severely affected places. Kidney weight to tibia length ratio (Figure 2(a)) and kidney hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining were undertaken to evaluate the protective effects of BL153 on obesity-induced kidney structure changes. As a result, the leaves above the wound begin to turn yellow and fall off. Enhanced expression of PAI-1 in visceral fat: possible contributor to vascular disease in obesity. Magnolia bark may potentiate the effect of anti-diabetic drugs. Health supplements have been a passion of mine for over 10 years straight. Up till now, more than 250 kinds of ingredients have been isolated from the cones, bark, and leaves of the Magnolia genus, such as magnolol, honokiol, 4-O-methylhonokiol, and obovatol [10]. In addition, we also investigated the protective effects of BL153 on obesity-induced oxidative stress by examining 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT, Figure 4(a)) as an index of nitrosative damage and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE, Figure 4(b)) as an index of oxidative damage in the next study. It is also used to regulate gastrointestinal motility and is found in herbal formulas such as Ma Zi Ren Wan. Lab studies suggest that some compounds from magnolia bark extract may have anticancer properties, but this has not been studied in cancer patients. Wood-decaying fungi, sometimes . Magnolias are also susceptible to nectria canker, a bacterial infection that causes sunken, discolored areas of bark. Controlled clinical study in menopause. Epub 2008 Jun 26. Chiang J, Shen Y-C, Wang Y-H, et al. PGC-1 promotes insulin resistance in liver through PPAR-. Repeat the spraying in two weeks. In a 21-day pilot study, rats were administered MBE at levels of 0, 60, 120, 240 or 480 mg/kg body weight (bw)/day in the diet. Typically, magnolia bark is bark of the houpo magnolia tree that has been stripped away from it branches and stems to make supplements. Interactions. ACR was calculated as ACR = urine albumin/urine creatinine (g/mg), as we previously described [36]. Avoid using magnolia during pregnancy. Aside from neolignans, more than 200 chemical compounds have been isolated from the tree (5). PMID: 10373217. Honokiol suppresses lung tumorigenesis by targeting EGFR and its downstream effectors. Biomed Res Int. This not only includes brain disorders like Alzheimers disease but also conditions like stress, anxiety, mood disorders, and depression (23). Collect all of the fallen leaves around the magnolia. Here are common signs of too much stress. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies However, after treatment with BL153, HK II expression was upregulated in HFD-fed mouse kidney, accompanied by renal oxidative stress alleviation. Chen CR, Zhou XZ, Luo YJ, Huang ZL, Urade Y, Qu WM. Int J Mol Sci. Therefore, the gavage volume was 1%(mL/g) of mouse body weight (e.g., 25g mouse should be given 250L). We assumed that the increasing PGC-1 found in HFD-fed mouse kidney was due to a positive feedback from insulin resistance to overcome the impairment of local homeostasis, as illustrated in Figure 7. As shown in Figure 2, kidney weight to tibia length ratio was increased in HFD-fed mice compared with low fat diet- (LFD-) fed mice. Magnolol and honokiol isolated from Magnolia officinalis protect rat heart mitochondria against lipid peroxidation. Some of the conditions that magnolia bark has traditionally been used to treat include asthma, anxiety, depression, stomach disorders, and inflammation (3, 4). Our data showed that BL153 administration did not affect HK II expression level in LFD group mice; moreover, BL153 administration in HFD group mice only increased HK II expression back to the normal level, even at a high dose (10mg/kg), indicating the safety of BL153, as illustrated in Figure 7. PMID: 23924268; PMCID: PMC3750820. PMID: 29925102. Honokiol also showed antitumor and antiangiogenic effects(23)(24)(25) in leukemia(26), lung(27)(28), bladder(29), prostate(30), melanoma(31)(32), breast(33), glioblastoma(34), neuroblastoma(35), and oral cancer(36) cells lines. Botanical medicine can be used to help forestall the need for dialysis by treating the causes and effects of renal failure, as . In current study, we provide the first evidence that magnolia extract, BL153, attenuates obesity-associated renal structural and functional changes in an HFD-induced obesity mouse model. Magnolia bark is a staple of traditional Chinese medicine and is used today for a variety of potential health benefits ranging from the treatment of depression and insomnia to improving oral health. Xu Q, Yi LT, Pan Y, Wang X, Li YC, Li JM, Wang CP, Kong LD. Magnolia barks effects on sleep appear to be closely connected to the activity of the GABA(A) receptors in the central nervous system. Chronic kidney failure is a significant problem in modern society. Fraser R, Ingram MC, Anderson NH, Morrison C, Davies E, Connell JM. However, these studies used magnolia in combination with other compounds. It is generally considered safe if taken orally and for the short term. PMID: 20190404. Magnolol enhances adipocyte differentiation and glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 cells. A proposed mechanism by which BL153 attenuates kidney damage during obesity is illustrated. Remove all dead tissue with sharp and sterile tools. Importantly, BL153 treatment attenuated obesity caused renal inflammation and oxidative stress, which was likely due to the ability of BL153 to increase PGC-1 and HK II expression in kidney. Clinically, it is commonly used to treat asthma, constipation, edema, abdominal distension, malaria, and other diseases by combining different traditional Chinese medicines. Lab studies of magnolia bark extract suggest anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties, but studies in humans are needed. Some of the benefits of magnolia bark, such as improved sleep and mood, could be especially beneficial for women during menopause (30). Cracks and growths on the trunk and branches. Based on research in mice, some scientists believe that honokiol may help combat aging by increasing antioxidant enzymes and decreasing levels of methane dicarboxylic aldehyde (13). The air-dried bark of M. officinalis (3kg) was cut into pieces and extracted twice with 95% (v/v) ethanol (4 times as much as the weight of the dried plants) for 3 days at room temperature. The spots often have something like flakes on them. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Wnt/beta-catenin signaling mediates the antitumor activity of magnolol in colorectal cancer cells. Antitumor and antiangiogenic properties of honokiol are attributed to NF-kB inhibition and the consequent scavenging of reactive oxygen species(24). Use it several times at 1-2 week intervals. A literature review reveals that the following group of people can misuse it: The review suggests that its easy availability, affordability, potent effects, favorable legal status, and natural origin may contribute to its misuse and addiction. After the studies, researchers found that the treatment group did not gain any weight as opposed to the placebo group. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal That way, your doctor can check on any potential side effects or interactions with any medications. In the present study, we explored the therapeutic potential of a <i>magnolia</i> extract (BL153 . A mixture of honokiol and magnolol at 20 and 40 mg/kg inhibited stress-induced decreases of serotonin in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, striatum, hypothalamus, and nucleus accumbens in mice. As shown in Figure 5, kidney PGC-1 was slightly increased in HFD mice compared with LFD mice, and it was further increased after six-month BL153 treatment at indicated doses (Figure 5(a)). They also discovered that cortisol levels in the treatment group remained low in the evening and at bedtime. Here are 15 effective ways to relieve stress and anxiety. Again, note that magnolia bark extract was not the only supplement given in this study. During the trial, the treatment group consumed Magnolia along with Phellodendron extract 3 times a day for 6 weeks. Antitumor activity also occurred via MMP9 inhibition through the NF-kB pathway in breast cancer cells(19) and through AMPK activation in colorectal cancer cells(18). Health-related information changes frequently and therefore information contained on this Web site may be outdated, incomplete or incorrect. It may increase the risk of bleeding. doi: 10.1631/jzus.B1600299. Shortness of breath. Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a bacterium that causes a disease called crown gall. Unlike drug manufacturers, the makers of supplements dont have to show their products are safe or effective before selling them on the market. Therefore, compounds such as BL153, with therapeutic efficacy and distinct mechanisms from MG132 and sulforaphane, have great potential for treatment of obesity-associated nephropathy.

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