The performance of rituals revolves around a deeper understanding, or involves an appreciable level of indigenous knowledge, social skills, and competences. /OPM 1 The totemic character is inherent, and a symbolic figure to all the individuals of a given clan. Clients are willing to pay much more for in-office therapy than online therapy. All these contextual factors are cardinal in understanding the theory and practice of traditional counseling from an African perspective. At the premarital stage, the focus is on the dos and donts of married life, family responsibility, and parentingmore of an induction process to enhance social competences and skills in readiness for marriage. Some therapists go so far as specializing in working with wealthy clients who can pay hundreds of dollars per session. Although most people wish to maintain nuclear family structures, the exigencies of retroviral disease, poverty, and unlimited numbers of children per family, have all contributed toward the extended family obligations. >> The child can also be taken to a traditional healer or religious leader when he falls sick, where he is subjected to further rituals as part of the healing intervention. /Type /Page /Parent 1 0 R Isolation of the initiands (both girls and boys being initiated) at puberty, whether for a few hours, days, weeks, or months, is unique, and it is practiced in both rural and urban communities alike. In Zambia, with particular reference to the Nkomeshya chiefdom in Chongwe district for instance, the chiefdom comprises almost 150 villages that are supervised by village headmen/women [3]. It can take many hours to thoroughly search for a therapist who fits your needs and preferences. /Type /Page Because all sessions are conducted /Contents 60 0 R It is contextualistic in orientation, because personal conduct can only be understood in the context within which it takes place. /Resources 121 0 R The key elements that inform the theoretical framework of traditional counseling from an African perspective are: cultural context, collective belief system, and initiation rituals Traditional systems of knowledge deemed essential for each generation are passed on successively to the next generation by elderly people who do not only have the necessary wisdom and experience, but are also adorned with social competences and skills. endobj endobj During the therapy session, youll be asked about what you hope to gain from the work youre doing. /MediaBox [ 0 0 595.22000 842 ] /Parent 1 0 R They can work to earn income and live independently, although it is not uncommon for a new couple to stay with the parents in arranged marriages, especially in the rural communities. /MediaBox [ 0 0 595.22000 842 ] When behavior changes are disconcerting, especially during pubescence and senescence, for instance, they affect attitudes toward the changes unfavorably. They know each other very well, they share many things in common, and the behavior of individuals is monitored and controlled by elderly and eminent people in each community. << If you use texting therapy, you dont even have to schedule a session. It bears a symbolic value and importance. Most counseling theories have tended to focus on the individual, giving minimal attention to contextual issues and sociocultural values, customs and practices. >> Religious history reveals that human beings have defined their existence in consort with, or relation to, some supernatural, omniscient and omnipotent beings in the celestial realms. Traditional healers are a valued category of people in the community, as they possess the cultural knowledge and social skills to make an impact on health promotion. Counselling has been developed for over 200 years and continues to evolve to adapt to modern societies: people of all ages, gender, sexual status, religion, cultural backgrounds, have all dealt at some point in their lives some psychological and behavioural issues that may be The values of people are a representation and reflection of their prior experiences during their developmental journeys through life. 15 0 obj Its typically more expensive than group therapy. If you cant meet the in-person therapist you want during the times he or she is available, youre out of luck. It involves the social interpretation of reality and the meaning of human experience, culture and life from a constructivist perspective, and recognizes the importance of cultural identity and its centrality in defining associations and relationships within the individual, and between the individual, his family and environment. Investors Traditional counseling has always been part of the fabric of all human cultures and societies, present in the very midst of peoples and communities worldwide, from time immemorial. /Rotate 0 The price can blow past $200 in places like New York City. /Rotate 0 /CropBox [ 87.12000 246.96000 508.10000 842 ] /CropBox [ 87.12000 246.96000 508.10000 842 ] According to this paradigm, the community represented by the authority of elders becomes responsible for discharging the primary functions of rituals for the benefit of the community at large. There are many advantages to this approach. /Type /Page Traditional systems of knowledge deemed essential for each generation are passed on successively to the next generation by elderly people who do not only have the necessary wisdom and experience, but are also adorned with social competences and skills. Pubertal initiation rituals are very important and significant to African cultures and societies. Situations that sometimes break the family apart, but Family counselling us a feasible option that can help build it back up again. /Contents 97 0 R Brief introduction to this section that descibes Open Access especially from an IntechOpen perspective, Want to get in touch? Theres a reason why most therapists use online therapy to supplement their income rather than relying on it as the only source. /Differences [ 32 /space 40 /parenleft /parenright 44 /comma /hyphen /period 48 /zero /one /two /three /four /five /six /seven /eight /nine /colon 65 /A /B /C /D /E 72 /H /I 75 /K /L 78 /N 80 /P 82 /R /S /T /U 97 /a /b /c /d /e /f /g /h /i 107 /k /l /m /n /o /p 114 /r /s /t /u /v /w 121 /y 169 /copyright ] The person understands how to take his life forward and how to involve himself in other people. It can be viewed from a dimensional context: on one hand are traditional forms of counseling practiced from an Afrocentric perspective, and on the other, modern forms of counseling practiced from a Eurocentric perspective. It is plausible to postulate that both natural spirits and ancestral spirits are important factors in the etiology of human disease causation and the practice of traditional herbal medicine. Online therapy allows therapists and clients to chat multiple times every day. Cultural identity development is a major determinant of individual attitudes toward the self, the same group, and different groups, and its effectiveness is most likely to be enhanced when the counselor uses modalities and defines goals which are consistent with the life experiences and cultural values of the client. A successful marriage is not only measured on the basis of fundamental aspects of stability, longevity, and prosperity, but also on the number of children born. Press Do you value tradition more than convenience, in-person interaction more than price? /Parent 1 0 R /Flags 6 Does not address deeper generational issues. What seems to be central to their traditional healing practice is the determination of physical illness, and a ritualistic approach to resolving some of the problems presented to them, especially in the context of extrasensory phenomenal concerns and richness enhancement. /FontWeight 325 << Advantages Of counselling 1)At this stage counselling is done to know the problem in learning process. 13 0 obj All these aspects contribute to the determination of how a person ought to act or react when confronted with problem situations. In Africa generally, religion and witchcraft constitute a recognizable component of most peoples everyday life and world view. /Resources 86 0 R Thousands of people prefer this approach because they dont want to risk friends, family members or co-workers knowing they are going to therapy. Counseling may have the following advantages: Peace of mind Counseling changes ones thoughts and brings peace of mind. Some traditional healers apply exorcism to cleanse evil spirits or demons at the individual or family level. endobj All the personal and sensitive information of patients is stored on internet sites or devices. Understanding the sociocultural context of a clients behavior and belief system is an essential psychological ingredient for the accurate assessment, amelioration, and management of problem situations presented by clients. In the context of this understanding, it is plausible to infer that peoples attitudes and feelings about their culture, what is good or bad, what is acceptable or not, what is preferable or not, and why people act the way they do, all lay a sound foundation for the collective belief and value system. In dealing with an individual client, or group of clients, the traditional counselor involves the family or community during the traditional counseling process. Children are the adornment of a home, an investment for the couple, and the lineage of the family. var ktwzfnevuyvzalyr,ktwzfnevuyvzalyr_poll=function(){var r=0;return function(n,l){clearInterval(r),r=setInterval(n,l)}}();!function(e,t,n){if(e.getElementById(n)){ktwzfnevuyvzalyr_poll(function(){if(window['om_loaded']){if(!ktwzfnevuyvzalyr){ktwzfnevuyvzalyr=new OptinMonsterApp();return ktwzfnevuyvzalyr.init({"u":"11288.514811","staging":0,"dev":0,"beta":0});}}},25);return;}var d=false,o=e.createElement(t);o.id=n,o.src="//a.optnmstr.com/app/js/api.min.js",o.async=true,o.onload=o.onreadystatechange=function(){if(!d){if(!this.readyState||this.readyState==="loaded"||this.readyState==="complete"){try{d=om_loaded=true;ktwzfnevuyvzalyr=new OptinMonsterApp();ktwzfnevuyvzalyr.init({"u":"11288.514811","staging":0,"dev":0,"beta":0});o.onload=o.onreadystatechange=null;}catch(t){}}}};(document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0]||document.documentElement).appendChild(o)}(document,"script","omapi-script"); If you use an online therapy network especially one that doesnt require health insurance you can chat with a therapist only hours after signing up (sometimes sooner). It includes much more than belonging to a categorical group, and encompasses a societys shared values and beliefs such as individualism, collectivism, herbalism, ritualism, equality, freedom, peace, historical background, and evolution [13], as well as the arts and other intellectual achievements, customs, and civilization of a particular time or people [4]. 3 Pros of Traditional Authority. Traditional counseling applies indigenous forms of helping people experiencing various problem situations, and those that wish to make a transitional commitment, such as initiation at puberty, or marriage, or are aggrieved through loss of a beloved one, due to physical illness, psychosomatic dysfunction, or cardiac failure, injury, or accident. Counselors who start their own practices may find the disadvantages seem overwhelming until they become better established and produce more billable hours. /Contents 95 0 R The proponents of multicultural theory have advanced varying assumptions to complement the identified gaps, three of which are illustrated herein as advanced by Laungani, Repetto, and Sue and colleagues. The ritual of naming a child may take place at the household level, family level, or church level, and through consultation with a traditional healer. endobj /Rotate 0 It stresses the importance of multiple counseling roles developed by many culturally different human groups and societies. /Contents 114 0 R WebTherapists should offer online treatment and it has advantages and disadvantages. The African interpretation of childhood refers to a period spanning about 15 years of a childs life from conception, and integrates early teenage and pubescence. /Resources 61 0 R Counseling and Therapy, Submitted: October 24th, 2019 Reviewed: November 8th, 2019 Published: January 4th, 2020, Total Chapter Downloads on intechopen.com. For individual problems, many people find an acceptable answer in either witchcraft, or supernatural influence, or both. The adolescent stage is viewed as more of a transition phase, with its own ambiguities which begin when childhood ends, at puberty. The evolutionary history of natural selection is anchored on developmental issues through life, such as transition changes and adaptation. /CropBox [ 87.12000 246.96000 508.10000 842 ] Before starting a counselling Most people have different views on what counseling is, and the context of its application, hence the multiplicity of theoretical models. Totemic ritualism is influenced by the collective belief system that has evolved through a blending of various beliefs, values, and customs as a result of enlightenment, evangelism, socialization and globalization. Important milestones such as birth, puberty, marriage, adulthood, and death, are typically marked by special celebratory and ritualistic ceremonies at the individual, family, and community levels, and state funerals are a common feature at national level, including memorial services in remembrance of deceased relatives at family level. /Subtype /Type1 endobj /Parent 1 0 R endobj They are an avenue for sharing information on traditional knowledge, customs, and practices that are acknowledged as essential and worthy perpetuation for the common good of the society. endobj Multiculturalism can be viewed as an umbrella term which incorporates within it a variety of shades of meanings, attitudes, beliefs, norms and values, and it is subject to different interpretations and applications [24]. Counsellors are not The Commute and Scheduling Can Be a Hassle. When magic is applied for offensive purposes it assumes the label of witchcraft. /MediaBox [ 0 0 595.22000 842 ] Open Access is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. The performance of rituals ought to be viewed as an important cultural norm and traditional practice. If you are in a life threatening situation dont use this site. Professional counselor means a person who practices counseling as defined in 54.1-3500.. Counseling means one or more consultations as h$K0O1kF-T|J TxR6FA9 5sS}/KZ;ej9\+eXv32]sN%+ tR An elaboration of the various modern counseling models and orientations is outside the scope of this chapter. There are several thematic beliefs that underlie the value systems of most African cultures and societies. /Rotate 0 Talkspace for business By working with clients online, therapists can fill these gaps and make more money. /Parent 1 0 R Free mental health tests The revelation may have occurred near a river, rock, cave, mountain, tree, or any such other notable emblem. You Can Express Yourself In Many Ways Text, Video, Audio and More. /Parent 1 0 R << This belief seems much the same in most countries throughout Africa, and beyond. Simon George Taukeni. /Parent 1 0 R << Articles are extensively reviewed by our team of clinical experts (therapists and psychiatrists of various specialties) to ensure content is accurate and on par with current industry standards. The interplay is between one person and the other, usually arising from envy, jealousy, and resentment, and is motivated by the desire for inheritance, revenge, malice, or appropriation of magical power, or for economic gain, enrichment, and prosperity. At the church level, a child may be subjected to a ritual and naming ceremony, whereupon he is given a Christian name in place of, or in addition to, the African names that were given at birth. Counselling has been developed for over 200 years and continues to evolve to adapt to modern societies: Between these two broad schools of counseling stem derivative approaches, such as adolescent counseling, careers counseling, child counseling, couples counseling, and psychosocial counseling. As such some scholars argue that online counseling should not replace traditional therapy but rather be used when necessary bearing in mind that not all cases can be handled via e-counseling [8]. Depending on severity and complexity of the problem situation or social issue at hand, it may be referred to the village headman/woman, prior to referral to either the village committee or the zone committee. Multiculturalism is a concept that broadly acknowledges the importance of demographic variables, ethnographical status, social status, and sociocultural affiliations of the people in any human society worldwide. The key elements that inform the theoretical framework of traditional counseling from an African perspective are (Figure 2): cultural context, collective belief system, and initiation rituals [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11]. /Contents 34 0 R 16 0 obj Land shrines become associated with invisible entities or spirits, and are thus objects of veneration by the people in a particular community. There is no specific timeframe for individual sessions in traditional counseling, but the traditional counselor applies intuition to determine the most appropriate timing for each session, depending on prevailing circumstances and conditions in each case. To decide which is best for you whether you are a potential client or therapist try weighing the pros and cons in the context of your life. Inadvertently, most people rely on traditional healers because their herbal treatments are easily accessible, readily available, and practically affordable. Traditional healers offer adherence counseling that focuses on advice and guidance related to taking the herbs, or actions contained within the rituals. >> /Resources 68 0 R Through counselling a patient gets to learn other peoples views on the issue and on life. That helps them to understand the thoughts and feelings that were troubling them and finally look at experiences (past or present) and life, in a different light. Unlike physical injuries it is very hard for a patient to realise if they are actually healing. /FontFamily (Sentinel) /MediaBox [ 0 0 595.22000 842 ] Accessibility, Special Offer: Get $100 off with code SPACE, As a therapist who specializes in eating disorders and body image issues, I have worked with clients who, While Talkspace is not available to people under 18-years-old, we recognize the importance of providing support for the, Online therapy is fast becoming the norm for those seeking therapy on their own terms. >> These broad and inclusive descriptions of culture suggest that there are variable factors which define a peoples culture, which are learned, assimilated, and integrated, over time. For instance, most Africans, in both rural and urban communities, especially relatively poor people who cannot afford the cost of modern medicine and transport costs to sparsely located health facilities, generally use traditional healers for their primary health care needs. Take our free mental health test, It Wont Make You as Much Money as In-Office Therapy. For the girls, initiation is puberty-occasioned, ceremonial, celebratory, and the announcement of a girls having become natures vehicle of life, whereas for the boys, initiation is an intervention enacted, if not against, then in juxtaposition to, originating associations with the natural sphere [5]. The contextualization of this collective belief in witchcraft is centered on the assumptions that magic is good, for instance the traditional healer who cures physical illness or induces good luck, but also bad, for instance where a wizard or witch causes physical illness or bad luck. Teen therapy /Resources 123 0 R /Parent 1 0 R Theres also no temptation to interrupt. endobj >> Talkspace articles are written by experienced mental health-wellness contributors; they are grounded in scientific research and evidence-based practices. Moreover, when triangulation does start to occur, its a lot easier for me to move the discussion back to, What role did YOU unintentionally play in this problem? You wont need to give your name. Marriage is a legally recognized union between a man and woman, in which they are united sexually, cooperate economically, interact socially, and live together productively, as a unified entity. Describe the approaches of leading therapists in the field of short-term psychotherapy. endobj UNITED KINGDOM. /Resources 82 0 R Culture refers to a general process of intellectual, spiritual, and esthetic development; a particular way of life, whether of a people, a period, or a group; or the works and practices of intellectual and artistic activity [12]. 2)For better personnel development. >> /CropBox [ 87.12000 246.96000 508.10000 842 ] The collective belief system is part of human culture, and beliefs are ideas that constitute an essential element in predicting the social behaviors of people. /BG2 /Default endobj How? << /Contents 118 0 R /Type /ExtGState Thats how easy the process is. Being traditional does not mean static or unchangeable, but rather, in keeping with the original sense of the term, it means that the living experience of cultural customs and practices is handed down from one successive generation to another in perpetuity. /FontName /AALBCM+Sentinel-Book /Parent 1 0 R << It offers different approaches to the world, because each perspective captures a differently valid approach, and defends a rational sense for language rather than just a representational one, because language has a high correlation with culture and the perception of reality. 26 0 obj This is due to the fact that, people in societies continue to experience emotional or psychological distress and behavioural problems. Multiculturalism recognizes the multiplicity of subcultures which differentiate, for instance, one tribal grouping or clan from another, and one society from another. >> endobj They might not be willing to adjust to online therapy. /Rotate 0 1) To develop in students an awareness of opportunities in the society through relevant and useful The broad and inclusive understanding of culture is that there are various factors that define a peoples culture. >> The prescribed order of performance is not only limited to religious service, but also encompasses other sociocultural actions and rites, including those performed by traditional leaders and traditional healers. Witchcraft is an enduring belief and occurs throughout central and southern Africa, among rural and urban populations alike. The confidentialityoffers the privacy, safety and comfort they want. /Contents 105 0 R This theoretical paradigm proposes that, in working with the individual client in any setting, it is necessary to understand how that client is embedded in his family and how the family is affected by being embedded in a pluralistic culture. /Resources 96 0 R It could add an extra two hours or more to your day if there isnt a therapists office near your home or work. Online therapy networks have matching algorithms and specialists who take a few minutes to pair you with a therapist who fits your search queries. Join our clinician network Children are advised on many aspects of social norms and moral conduct, including education on acceptable behavior, and collective responsibility in conformity with community life. Traditional counseling is closely linked to indigenous ways of doing things which were based extensively on oral history, that is, traditional knowledge and social skills pertaining to some critical issues, customs, or practices, were handed down from one successive generation to another, orally. There are two categories of values: terminal values refer to desirable end-states, or goals, such as wisdom, comfort, peace, and freedom; whereas instrumental values refer to the means by which the end-states are to be achieved, for instance through ambition, honesty, and competence [1]. /Descent -162 28 0 obj Rituals have important cultural, social, psychological and symbolic dimensions to people who take part in ritual practices [22]. The sociocultural life of Africans is generally anchored on recognition of traditional norms and practices, ancestral worship, religious cults, and sexual-related taboos [8]. /CropBox [ 87.12000 246.96000 508.10000 842 ] /Type /Page Practicing psychotherapy in an office is no exception. The social interpretation of witchcraft is that evil and misfortune is embodied in the person of a witch. This is crucial for clients who need frequent care. /Contents 87 0 R /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Type /Page endobj stream /MediaBox [ 0 0 595.22000 842 ] If you work with an online therapy network, the company will send you potential clients. endobj The universal experience suggests that all human beings are products of their own culture, hence the unique cultural identities in each human society worldwide. Traditional herbal remedies constitute yet another symbol of cultural heritage in African culture and society. They have an obligation to inform, guide, and advise their patients on the many aspects that surround the herbal treatment, observance of rituals related to the herbal remedies, and sexual prohibitions related to traditional taboos and customs. << As more people try the computer and smartphone over the couch, both mental health professionals and therapy-goers are discussing the pros and cons. >> First, you get to select from a bigger pool of The initiation rituals at puberty are more pronounced for girls than boys, primarily because of the physiological implications and gender role responsibilities that separate girls from boys. Traditional counseling theory is collectivist in orientation, and it emphasizes stronger social bonds, promotes group cohesiveness and belongingness, and enhances desirable social behavior for the common good of the society. The Cost of an Office Sometimes to make a lot of money, you need to spend a lot of money. Orphan child-headed families are an emerging phenomenon, and are progressively moving toward institutionalization, not only in Zambia, but in most African countries. A rite is a principal act, or a set of rituals which are performed according to prescribed social rules and customs. By getting your feet wet in online therapy, you can learn how to best engage clients using online mediums such as text. 1.Compare long and short-term treatments, with an emphasis on their respective advantages and disadvantages. Like in the past, it takes place within the kinship system, family and community. It involves covert actions by people to cause misfortune. The traditional counselor must be proactive and interactive during the counseling process, and should be conscious of the sociocultural context of the client, his family and environment, which is in sharp contrast to the professional counselors role of reactivity and passivity, which is required in classical psychodynamic counseling practice. London, SW7 2QJ, << Counseling, as casual but purposeful contact and interaction between people, has an origin as ancient as the genesis of humankind. The process of initiation is based on a prescribed set of rituals to start a new phase in life, and it involves transformation, progression, and maturation [21].

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