Nixon announces deployment of US troops in Cambodia (April 1970) Phan Boi Chau on Vietnams awakening (1914) Harkins, a long-time friend of Lodges from their upbringing in Massachusetts and shared time in the U.S. Army, expressed regret for his remarks and said he would inform Don that his comments did not reflect official U.S. Government policy. SAIGON, Vietnam, Oct. 24 -- In a letter to Premier Ngo Dinh Diem, President Eisenhower has expressed the hope that "indispensable reforms" would be carried out by South Vietnam in. the institutional owner, and is not liable as the result of any legal action. NSC memorandum on US policy in South Vietnam By that time Secretary McNamara and General Taylor were in Saigon on their fact-finding mission. Among the findings from the present posting or from our several Diem E-books taken together are the following: Vietnam perplexed American leaders from Franklin D. Roosevelt on. Ng nh Dim: Giai on cc k gy cn (HNT & TTN), TT 4, f.: Vietnam 9/119/20/63 [II]. Changing the day will navigate the page to that given day in history. The CIAs chronology of its contacts with ARVN plotters (Document 13) shows that the initial contacts which plunged Washington into a frenzy of deliberations on whether to support a coup in Saigon occurred that day. The US recognises self-governing Vietnam (February 1950), Final declaration of the Geneva Conference on Indochina (July 1954) several hundred thousand loyal Vietnamese citizens away from areas which are passing under We strive for accuracy and fairness. [5] Joint Chiefs of Staff Memorandum, General Maxwell D. Taylor and Secretary Robert C. McNamara-President John F. Kennedy, October 2, 1963. Vietnamese citizens away from areas which are passing under a de facto The inauguration speech of Duong Van Minh (April 1975) John F. Kennedy notably remarked there was no point to a coup if it would not work. It hopes that such aid, combined with your own continuing efforts, will contribute effectively toward an independent Viet-Nam endowed with a strong government. TT Rusk, McNamara urge US involvement in Vietnam (November 1961) Ng nh Dim: Th thch u tin (HNT & TTN), TT Washington, DC, November 1, 2020President John F. Kennedy was more disposed to support the removal of South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem in late 1963 than previously appeared to be the case, according to a recently released White House tape and transcript. Ultimately his refusal to make any substantial changes to meet the needs of the people led to extreme civil unrest and eventually a coup by dissident South Vietnamese generals in which Diem and his brother were murdered. granted for electronic copying, distribution in print form for educational By Tillman Durdinspecial To the New York Times. Diem's anti-communism attracted the Americans. v. t. e. Ng nh Dim, the President of South Vietnam, made a state visit to the United States, the main ally of his government, in 1957. On November 1 we have the PICL which shows the coup underway (Document 25). The implication is that Mike [Forrestal] is.. Eisenhower praises the progress in South Vietnam (October 1960), John F. Kennedys inauguration speech (January 1961) A US reporter discusses South Vietnamese military weaknesses (1973) Robert F. Kennedys Kansas State University speech (March 1968) As the fall progressed in Washington, numerous lists were drawn up of South Vietnamese leaders who could potentially replace the Diem government. Colby said the coup forces were roughly equal in strength to those that remained loyal to Diem. Today, the National Security Archive is posting for the first time materials from U.S. and Vietnamese archives that open the window into this pivotal event a little bit wider. JFK Library: Roger Hilsman Papers: Country File, b. to give assurances as to the standards of performance it would be able The National Security Archive has participated in these debates by introducing important new evidence and interpretation. A US report on Soviet aid to North Vietnam (November 1965), US MACV memo on winning the Vietnam War (September 1965) Bobby Kennedy spoke little in the August meetings and was absent from the August 26 session, when anger over the Hilsman cable should have been most focused. Yale University Press, 2020 with great interest the course of developments in Viet-Nam, particularly Nhu thought it would take involvement by the United States to seek an end to the present crisis. President John F. Kennedy was more disposed,than previously understood, to support actions that might change the leadership in South Vietnam. articles will be added later. Harriman again said that the U.S. would lose South Vietnam if the coup fails, which was necessary because the political situation was bound to disintegrate further under Diem. JFK Papers: NSF: Country File: b. An American press report on the Binh Xuyen (April 1955) Step-by-step explanation As discussed in the chapter titled "The United States and Vietnam" by Anderson, the letter written by President Dwight Eisenhower to Ngo Dinh Diem on October 23, 1954 provides evidence to support the notion that the United States' link with Vietnam changed through time. US security briefings on Ngo Dinh Diem and his regime (1958-1960) For his part, Nhu also came off as more and more ominous (Document 15). President Eisenhower complimented President Ngo Dinh Diem on the remarkable achievements of the Republic of Viet-Nam under the leadership of President Ngo Dinh Diem since he took office in July 1954. 204, f.: Vietnam: Subjects: Top Secret Cables (Tab C) 10/3-10/27/63.. part3. George Ball argued that Nhu in the ascendant was impossible to live with, making the coup imperative, but the questions were mooted that day when the Vietnamese generals postponed their coup plot. Here we add Krulaks records on the other meetings (Documents 9, 11) and Bromley Smiths handwritten notes, from which he derived the records we had previously posted (Documents 10, 12). Ngo Dinh Diem decrees the death sentence (May 1959) Author Luke A. Nichter found the document in the Vietnamese archives. Articles with the HISTORY.com Editors byline have been written or edited by the HISTORY.com editors, including Amanda Onion, Missy Sullivan and Matt Mullen. President Eisenhower then reminded Diem that his territory is protected by SEATO. Compare this with Document 10 here, and Items 9 (audio), 10 and 11 of E-book 302. Under Presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy, the USA had given millions of dollars to prop up the French in Vietnam, and had sent military advisers to support Ngo Dinh Diem's corrupt, anti-communist . The implications of the agreement concerning Viet-Nam have caused grave concern regarding the future Gi nh Mnh (T Gn - Si Gn Nh), Bn Ngo Dinh Nhu, brother of President Diem, and Madame Nhu. Here we supplement the 2003 coverage with some new evidence. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2008, pp. So he pledged support to an emerging leaderNgo Dinh Diema devout Catholic and fervent anti-French, anti-Communist nationalist. A report into French atrocities in Vietnam (1933) Nhu spoke out in response to signals that the U.S. planned to cut foreign aid, dismissing the speculation by saying that South Vietnam had sufficient reserves to operate for twenty years. b mt c tit l sau 40 nm (T Gn), Nhng Ngha Viet Minh call to arms against the Japanese (March 1945) Ng nh Dim: Ti thit min Nam (HNT & TTN), Vng So he pledged support to an emerging leaderNgo Dinh Diema devout Catholic and fervent anti-French, anti-Communist nationalist. In a follow-up meeting the next day, another briefing by William Colby summarized the scene in Saigon. rule JFK Papers: NSF: Country File, b. Ngo Dinh Diem explains why he rejects national elections (July 1955) December 11, 2009, The Last Brahmin: Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. and the Making of the Cold War Ho Chi Minh appeals to the American people (May 1964) v cc ng bo nn nhn Ho Chi Minh seeks Vietnamese independence in Paris (1919) [2] In an EYES ONLY cable on September 15, Secretary Rusk warned Ambassador Lodge that the coup envisioned in the Hilsman cable was definitely in suspense and that no effort should be made to stimulate any coup plotting. Leader of mid- 1950 s pro-Communist revolution in French Indochina (Vietnam) against corrupt Ngo Dinh Diem regime in Saigon Gamal Abdel Nasser Egyptian nationalist president who seized British-controlled Suez Canal when economic aid negotiations among Egypt, Great Britain, and the United States dissolved in 1956 Mohammed Reza Shah Pahlavi Lodge told Diem that he knew little about Vietnam but hoped to advise him on American affairs. He co-authored today's posting with Archive Fellow John Prados. Nhu had begun weekly meetings with the generals of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) where he himself had introduced the subject of a coupas he told the CIA, it was a psychoanalytic technique which might induce the ARVN officers to reveal their intentions. National Defense University: Maxwell D. Taylor Papers, Vietnam, Chapter XXIII, T-172-68. Th Ni Lng - Ch S Ng nh Dim (Trn Vit Yn), Vn [7] This advice outraged CIA Director McCone and Far East operations chief Colby. An American ally against communism in Asia, Diem embarked on a two-week visit to the United States. After his country's . undertaking needed reforms. [8] McCone ordered Saigon station to drop the suggestion, and the next day Colby reinforced that order with another (Document 19). The citizens of America saw this, not as an opportunity, but as a danger to their precious country. Tng Thng Cu Duong Van Minh Known popularly as "Big Minh," Duong led the South Vietnamese army under prime minister Ngo Dinh Diem. The purpose of this offer is to assist the Government of Viet-Nam in developing and maintaining a strong, viable state, capable of resisting attempted subversion or aggression through military means. Please visit and sign our The Government of the United States expects that this US news report on the imminent fall of Saigon (April 1975) Lodge set Harkins straight that the United States, while not initiating any coup, was to avoid any action that thwarted or opposed a coup. October 23, 1954. Excerpts from the Paris Peace Accords (January 1973) . University Press of Kansas, 2009 An Australian press report on the Tet offensive (February 1968) Photo undated(peacehistory-usfp.org). Chun Tng L Desperate to save himself, amid the coup fighting, President Diem drafted a proclamation ordering the army to reject all but his own orders and summoning help from loyal forces outside Saigon (Document 26). The contact, and the meeting which followed, tipped the Americans to Nhus maneuvers to create channels to Hanoi, reminded them that coup plans still existed, and informed CIA that the generals were awaiting Diems response to their demands for cabinet-level positions in the South Vietnamese government (Document 13).[4]. The PICL of November 2 (Document 27) records that Diem and Nhu had been killed. The implications of the agreement concerning Viet-Nam have caused grave concern regarding This text is part of the The coup against Diem has been a much-debated passage in the history of the American war in Vietnam. Washington, DC, November 1, 2020 President John F. Kennedy was more disposed to support the removal of South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem in late 1963 than previously appeared to be the case, according to a recently released White House tape and transcript. Ngo Dinh Diem (1901-63) was the United States-backed leader of South Vietnam from 1954. Unlike Nolting, who saw no possible candidates, the State Departments Bureau of Intelligence and Research (INR) produced an extensive list (Document 16). In 1963, he became leader of South Vietnam after a coup in which Diem. Through September and October, even as Washington sought to make its point by considering evacuation of U.S. nationals, withdrawals of American troops, and halting CIA aid to South Vietnamese Special Forces, President Kennedy tried to understand the situation better. providing web space and server support for the project. Hoa Tng Nh (Trng Ph Th) The Caravelle Manifesto criticises Diem and his regime (April 1960) Eisenhower's Letter of Support to Ngo Dinh Diem, October 23, 1954 Dear Mr. President: I have been following with great interest the course of developments in Viet-Nam, particularly since the conclusion of the conference at Geneva. o chnh m st TT Ng nh Dim (Aladin Nguyen), Bi since the conclusion of the conference at Geneva. Dim received a glowing welcome and was heaped with praise as a leader of a "free country" in the midst of the Cold War. I am glad that the United States is able to assist in this humanitarian effort. Viet Cong Program, 1962 [At this Site] Charles de Gaulle: France's Attitude Toward US Policy in Vietnam 1964 [At this Site] Tonkin Gulf Incident 1964 [At Yale] [Internet Archive version here] The Tonkin Bay Resolution 1964 [At this Site] Plus, we've got an entire learning guide devoted to this document. Lyndon Johnson on the political aims of the Vietnam War (June 1966) Roger Hilsman-Michael Forrestal, Potential Kennedy-Diem Letter, September 12, 1963. The Sourcebook is a collection of public domain and JFKPapers: NSF: Country File: b. nguyn vi C TT Ng nh Dim (Phan Thit) If President Diem refused to jettison Nhu, then Diem would have to go as well. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. EISENHOWER'S LETTER TO NGO DINH DIEM, October 23, 1954 Dear Mr. President; I have been following with great interest the course of developments in Vietnam, particularly since the conclusion of the conference at Geneva. developments in Viet-Nam, particularly since the conclusion of the conference at Geneva. Together, these materials offer comprehensive documentation on the Kennedy administrations August coup talk. On the evening of September 7, Ngo Dinh Nhu called a meeting of all senior South Vietnamese military commanders in the Saigon area. will be met by performance on the part of the Government of Viet-Nam in Suite 701, Gelman Library The Internet Eisenhower wrote to South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem and promised direct assistance to his government. LBJ Library: Bromley K. Smith Papers, b. Newly appointed U.S. US news report on the Paris peace agreement (January 1973) ISBN: 978-1-6209-7088-1, National Security Archive Eisenhower to Ngo Dinh Diem, President of the Council of Ministers of Vietnam, October 23, 1954 DEAR MR. with great interest the course of developments in Viet-Nam, particularly since the conclusion of the conference at Geneva. HISTORY.com works with a wide range of writers and editors to create accurate and informative content. Anyone can read what you share. people, so enlightened in purpose and effective in performance, that it will be respected This collection of Vietnam War documents has been selected and compiled by Alpha History authors. Years later, when the Church Committee was investigating the CIA (in 1975), McCone quoted himself telling John F. Kennedy, in precise words that he remembered very clearly, Mr. Viet-Nam endowed with a strong government. @table of contents. CIA operative Lucien Conein, who was a liaison to the generals leading up to the coup, in an undated photo from the 1960s (Credit: William J. Reprinted from Medieval Sourcebook, and other medieval components of the project, are located at United States Ambassador Donald R. Heath delivered this letter from President Eisenhower to Ngo Dinh Diem, President of the Council of Ministers of Vietnam (Viet-Nam), on October 23, 1954. Cht ca TT Ng nh Dim (Aladin Nguyen), Cuc Diem said that the Buddhist uprising had been resolved. On the morning of October 24, Don saw Conein at Tan Son Nhut airport. Nhng The US Congress Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (August 1964) Such a government would, I hope, Eisenhower made it clear to Diem that U.S. aid to his government during Vietnams hour of trial was contingent upon his assurances of the standards of performance [he] would be able to maintain in the event such aid were supplied. Eisenhower called for land reform and a reduction of government corruption. SOURCE: JFKL: JFKP: National Security File . Gi nh Mnh (T Gn - Si Gn Nh), CS contribute effectively toward an independent Viet-Nam endowed with a strong government. Tng - Bn c n cn (T Gn) University Press of Kansas, 2009 Letter from President A broadcast by Viet Cong propagandist Hanoi Hannah (April 1970) B. hinder an alliance between Iranian and Vietnamese communists. t. e. Ng nh Dim ( / djm / [1] or / zim /; [2] Vietnamese: [ n jm] ( listen); 3 January 1901 - 2 November 1963) was a South Vietnamese politician who was the final prime minister of the State of Vietnam (1954-1955), and then served as the first president of South Vietnam ( Republic of Vietnam) from 1955 until he . An American draft-dodger explains his actions (1967) Nhu claimed that Ngo Dinh Diem himself approved the pagoda raids against the Buddhists in response to demands made by South Vietnamese army officers for Diem to deal with recent political agitation in Saigon. This amounted much more to a quest for more information on Saigon conditions than an assault against a purported pro-coup faction. While Minh said he did not expect U.S. support for a coup, he wanted to ensure that no effort would be made to thwart a change in government. The implications of the agreement concerning . I am, accordingly, instructing the American Ambassador to Viet-Nam [1] The next day, INR went ahead to craft a paper on The Problem of Nhu (Document 17), where analysts cited South Vietnamese opinions that Nhu had become the dominant power in Saigon, exercising an overriding, immutable influence over Diem.. They spoke with academic Vietnam experts, the CIA station chief, and President Diem. All articles are regularly reviewed and updated by the HISTORY.com team. Eisenhower wrote to South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem and promised direct assistance to his government. He also wanted to see something on Lodge actually talking with Diem. On this date, President Ngo Dinh Diem of South Vietnam addressed a Joint Meeting of Congress. ngh sao v C TT Ng nh Dim? in the formidable project of the movement of several hundred thousand loyal Lodge was the first diplomat to meet with LBJ as president. JFK Library: John Newman Papers: Notebook, August 24-31, 1963.. If you experience a barrier that affects your ability to access content on this page, let us know via ourContact form. At the State Department, W. Averell Harriman and George Ball agreed that Lodge ought to delay his arrival in Saigon until the situation had calmed somewhat (Document 4). Compare this with Items 9 (audio), 10 and 11 of E-book 302, December 11, 2009. own continuing efforts, will contribute effectively toward an independent aggression through military means. New documents and extracts will be added regularly. nguyn vi C TT Ng nh Dim (Phan Thit), V One of themthe easiest, Minh saidwas to assassinate two of Diems brothers while keeping Diem himself as a figurehead. EISENHOWER ASKS VIETNAM REFORM; In Letter to Saigon Premier, President Links Aid Pledge to Stable Regime There EISENHOWER ASKS VIETNAM REFORM, https://www.nytimes.com/1954/10/25/archives/eisenhower-asks-vietnam-reform-in-letter-to-saigon-premier.html. in purpose and effective in performance, that it will be respected both Washingtons last opportunity to back out of the Saigon coup occurred on October 29, when President Kennedy gathered his advisers to go over the ground one more time. The Saigon government was headed by President Ngo Dinh Diem, an autocratic, nepotistic ruler who valued power more than either his relations with the Vietnamese people or progress in fighting the communists. DEAR MR. PRESIDENT: I have been following 336-346. Ng nh Dim: Ti thit min Nam (HNT & TTN), Ci Ambassador to Saigon Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. to proceed in a fashion that made clear to Diem that he needed to end nepotism and curtail the activities of his brother, Ngo Dinh Nhu, and other family members, whose efforts were impeding the counterinsurgency war then in progress. Internet A Viet Cong member reflects on its approach to war (1985) While Diem had promised outgoing U.S. 05/08/1957 ARC Identifier: 542189 Item from Record Group 342: Records of U.S. Air Force Commands, Activities, and Organizations, 1900 - 2000 I am glad Following the Geneva Convention, President Eisenhower and the United States supported Ngo Dinh Diem. 198, f.: Vietnam 8/21-8/30/63.. domain and copy-permitted texts for introductory level classes in modern This shows that Nhu, even when calm, as Richardson observes, obsessed with Buddhists spreading propaganda and hiding communist agents among their monks at some of the most important pagodas. No permission is granted for commercial use of the Sourcebook. Director of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research Thomas L. Hughes made notes of White House conversations with National Security Council staff member Michael Forrestal and Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs Roger Hilsman during August 24-28, 1963, which he referred to as coup planning week. Vietnam took up most of the discussions, including criticism of Nhus explanation for the series of events that led to the pagoda raids which Forrestal said was what he wanted us to hear. They agreed that the Diem government could not survive another 12 months. Don asserted that all plans were complete and had been checked and re-checked. The Presidents Intelligence Checklist for the morning of November 1 began with an update that a coup had begun in Saigon. Kahin donation, The following day, Hughes wrote to Secretary of State Dean Rusk on the subject of Nhu. Hilsman dominated the discussion, with Taylor doubting whether Saigon could get along without Diem, and McNamara sought assurances on four points. the Government of Viet-Nam in developing and maintaining a strong, viable Vn Even now the views of Kennedy and some of his top aides about the advisability of a coup specifically have been shrouded by an incomplete documentary record that has led scholars to focus more on the attitudes of subordinates. The South Vietnamese demands for American support became more insistent in the second half of August, 1963, and the posting presented the National Security Council (NSC) and State Department records of a series of White House meetings and other U.S. deliberations over a coup in Saigon. The discussion that followed is remarkable for the unanimity that had developed among nearly all of Kennedys advisors against Diem. The purpose of this offer is to assist By that I was saying that, if Diem was removed we would have not one coup . Permission is at home and abroad and discourage any who might wish to impose a foreign JFKL: Roger Hilsman Papers, b. C. protect Western oil interests. One can see the flurry of activity in August, during the first serious discussion of a coup shortly after Lodges arrival in Saigon. National Security Archive: George McT. President Eisenhower authorized CIA agents to undermine Mohammad Mossadegh's political power to Select one: A. apply the domino theory to the Middle East. On this day in 1957, Ngo Dinh Diem, president of South Vietnam, addressed a joint meeting of Congress during a two-week visit to the United States. After Conein had provided assurance to Big Minh that the U.S. would not thwart a coup, General Tran Van Don asked Conein why General Paul Harkins, Commander, U.S. Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV), said the day before that it was the wrong time for a coup and that the planners should desist in their efforts. Letter from President Eisenhower to Ngo Dinh Diem, President of the Council of Ministers of Vietnam, October 23, 1954 DEAR MR. PRESIDENT: I have been following with great interest the course of developments in Viet-Nam, particularly since the conclusion of the conference at Geneva. President Dwight Eisenhower: Letter to Ngo Dinh Diem (October 23, 1954) 241 National Security Action Memorandum No. Central Intelligence Agency: Center for the Study of Intelligence, 2000 (declassified February 19, 2009), p. 195. Sign up now to learn about This Day in History straight from your inbox. These materials reveal that Lodge already held nuanced views on the situation in South Vietnam and had already met with South Vietnamese representatives in the U.S., who happened to be the parents of Ngo Dinh Nhus wife. JFK sent a succession of study groups to SaigonHuntington Sheldon of the CIA, Robert McNamara plus Maxwell Taylor, General Krulak plus Joseph Mendenhallall to report to him. Hanoi Jane Fondas broadcast from North Vietnam (August 1972) CIA electronic reading room; declassified July 24, 2015. The Archive built an E-book around those audiotapes, too, starting with DepTel 243 and then permitting the reader/listener to make extensive comparisons, by pairing the White House tapes with the NSC and State Department memoranda recording those same conversations. President Eisenhower's letter to South Vietnamese leader Ngo Dinh Diem promising aid against the North, October 1954. Presenting his credentials to Diem on August 26 (Document 8), Ambassador Lodge got 10 minutes to explain the role of public opinion in setting U.S. policy, advising that the Saigon leader release Buddhist prisoners, after which Diem minimized the importance of Buddhists, then treated him to a two-hour harangue on his family and South Vietnam as an underdeveloped country. nhng n anh ln (Nguyn Tng Phong), Phn A US general reflects on US, North Vietnamese tactics (1984) nhng n anh ln (Nguyn Tng Phong), Nhng John F. Kennedy addresses the UN on Vietnam (September 1961) Nhu was killed along with his brother onNovember 2, 1963. collaborators within. purposes and personal use. Letter From Eisenhower to Ngo Dinh Diem - The Vietnam War A Letter From Eisenhower to Ngo Dinh Diem October 23, 1954 Dear Mr. President, I have been following with great interest the course of developments in Vietnam, particularly since the conclusion of the conference at Geneva. 183-186. John Prados: South Vietnams president Nguyen Van Thieu resigns (April 1975) of American aid given directly to your Government can serve to assist Viet-Nam this page, I am The implications of the agreement concerning Viet-Nam have caused grave concern regarding the future of a country temporarily divided by an artificial military grouping, weakened by a long and exhausting war and faced with enemies without and by their subversive collaborations within. aid will be met by performance on the part of the Government of Viet-Nam in undertaking b mt c tit l sau 40 nm (T Gn) They also sought to provide economic support to South Vietnam to bring needed reform to the area and . As . In one case we also had a record made by a senior Pentagon participant, Major General Victor Krulak. Ho Chi Minh recalls his conversion to Leninism (1967) Permission is granted for electronic copying, distribution in print form for educational Bin Tnh Sng - (Hoi cm ca Trn khc Knh). . subversive collaborators within. of State Bulletin (November 15, 1954), pp. Eisenhower made it clear to Diem that U.S. aid to his government during. Center for National Security Studies FOIA request. The experience of Americans in South Vietnam established that. If you would like to contribute or suggest a document for inclusion here, please, Vietnam War memory quiz events 1946-1964, Vietnam War memory quiz events 1965-1975, Vietnam War memory quiz terms and concepts (I), Vietnam War memory quiz terms and concepts (II), Edict of Emperor Minh Mang against Christians in Vietnam (1833), The suicide note of Hanoi governor Hoang Dieu (1882), Augustine Heard, an American traveller, reports on Indochina (1886), Anonymous poem about French oppression in Vietnam (1900), Phan Boi Chau on Vietnams awakening (1914), Conscription of Vietnamese peasants for service in World War I (1916), Ho Chi Minh seeks Vietnamese independence in Paris (1919), Ho Chi Minh condemns French imperialism (1920), Ho Chi Minh on founding the Inodchinese Communist Party (1930), A report into French atrocities in Vietnam (1933), Ho Chi Minh recalls his conversion to Leninism (1967), Ho Chi Minh calls for unity against the French (February 1930), Viet Minh call to arms against the Japanese (March 1945), Ho Chi Minhs declaration of independence (September 1945), The US recognises self-governing Vietnam (February 1950), Final declaration of the Geneva Conference on Indochina (July 1954), Pham Van Dong on Geneva, Vietnamese independence (July 1954), The White Houses response to the Geneva declaration (July 1954), Eisenhowers letter of support to Ngo Dinh Diem (October 1954), An American press report on the Binh Xuyen (April 1955), Ngo Dinh Diem explains why he rejects national elections (July 1955), Le Duan: The path of revolution in the South (1956), Ngo Dinh Diem addresses a joint session of the US Congress (1957), US security briefings on Ngo Dinh Diem and his regime (1958-1960), Ngo Dinh Diem decrees the death sentence (May 1959), The Caravelle Manifesto criticises Diem and his regime (April 1960), Eisenhower praises the progress in South Vietnam (October 1960), John F. Kennedys inauguration speech (January 1961), John F. Kennedy addresses the UN on Vietnam (September 1961), Rusk, McNamara urge US involvement in Vietnam (November 1961), General Taylors recommendations for Vietnam (November 1961), Kennedy pledges support for Diem, South Vietnam (December 1961), Kennedy responds to a question on Vietnam (February 1962), Program of the National Liberation Front or Viet Cong (1962), A US report on the Buddhist crisis in South Vietnam (July 1963), Cable 243 discusses the removal of Ngo Dinh Diem (August 1963), McNamara and Taylors report on South Vietnam (October 1963), NSC memorandum on US policy in South Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh appeals to the American people (May 1964), The US Congress Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (August 1964), US Senate debate on the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (August 1964), McGeorge Bundy memo on attacking North Vietnam (February 1965), Johnson justifies involvement in Vietnam (April 1965), Robert McNamara proposes increases in US troops (July 1965), A CIA report on Viet Cong weaknesses and vulnerabilities (July 1965), A US report on Soviet aid to North Vietnam (November 1965), US MACV memo on winning the Vietnam War (September 1965), Le Duan reminds agents in the South of tactics (November 1965), General Vo Nguyen Giap on why the US will lose in Vietnam (1966), Lyndon Johnson on the political aims of the Vietnam War (June 1966), A Viet Cong guerrilla tells of the Tet offensive (1968), An Australian press report on the Tet offensive (February 1968), A US reporter discusses South Vietnamese military weaknesses (1973), A US general reflects on US, North Vietnamese tactics (1984), A Viet Cong member reflects on its approach to war (1985), Robert McNamara reflects on Americas failures in Vietnam (1995), A journalist reports on the fragging of US officers (January 1972), Ridenhour letter to Congress exposing My Lai (March 1969), Quotations about the massacre at My Lai hamlet (1968), Seymour Hersh breaks the story of the My Lai killings (1969), PFC Meadlo on his role in the killings at My Lai (November 1969), Cross examination of Lieutenant William Calley (1970), Cross examination of Captain Ernest Medina (1970), Muhammad Ali explains his refusal to fight in Vietnam (March 1967), Martin Luther Kings Beyond Vietnam speech (April 1967), An American draft-dodger explains his actions (1967), Robert F. Kennedys Kansas State University speech (March 1968), John Kerry anti-war testimony to the US Senate (April 1971), Hanoi Jane Fondas broadcast from North Vietnam (August 1972), Noam Chomsky on the meaning of Vietnam (1975), Richard Nixon unveils a policy of Vietnamisation (November 1969), A broadcast by Viet Cong propagandist Hanoi Hannah (April 1970), Nixon announces deployment of US troops in Cambodia (April 1970), North Vietnamese peace proposal (June 1971), US news report on the Paris peace agreement (January 1973), Excerpts from the Paris Peace Accords (January 1973), The War Powers Act curtails the presidents authority to wage war (November 1973), A US intelligence briefing on the situation in Vietnam (August 1974), South Vietnams president Nguyen Van Thieu resigns (April 1975), The inauguration speech of Duong Van Minh (April 1975), US news report on the imminent fall of Saigon (April 1975), President Ford on Americas post-Vietnam recovery (April 1975).

Best White Color For Spanish House, Articles E