Dorgon's precedents and example cast a long shadow. Despite prohibitions, by the 18th century Han Chinese streamed into Manchuria, both illegally and legally, over the Great Wall and Willow Palisade. This seal from the Qing dynasty (1644-1912) is in Manchu, the language of the Qing rulers. Wu Sangui may have been influenced by Li Zicheng's mistreatment of wealthy and cultured officials, including Li's own family; it was said that Li took Wu's concubine Chen Yuanyuan for himself. The reign of the Qing dynasty saw much advancement in numerous fields including those of art, literature and printing. porcelain or pieces of art for their beauty, which set them off from less cultivated commoners. However, as commercialization expanded in the late-Ming and early-Qing, mid-sized cities began popping up to direct the flow of domestic, commercial trade. History. [34], The first seven years of the young Shunzhi Emperor's reign were dominated by Dorgon's regency. The Qing Dynasty. synonyms: Ch'in Ch'in dynasty Qin dynasty. It is thought to have gained stature because of patronage by the empress dowager Cixi of the late Qing, but it had long been enormously popular with commoners. The Kangxi Emperor sponsored the Peiwen Yunfu, a rhyme dictionary published in 1711, and the Kangxi Dictionary published in 1716, which remains to this day an authoritative reference. After the deaths of the Guangxu Emperor and Cixi in 1908, Manchu conservatives at court blocked reforms and alienated reformers and local elites alike. [citation needed]. Li Zicheng then led rebel forces numbering some 200,000[25] to confront Wu Sangui, at Shanhai Pass, a key pass of the Great Wall, which defended the capital. The Qing Dynasty invented the first machine gun. By 1883, France was in full control of the region and had reached the Chinese border. The Grand Secretariat,[i] which had been an important policy-making body under the Ming, lost its importance during the Qing and evolved into an imperial chancery. The Qing multi-cultural empire lasted almost three centuries and formed the territorial base for the modern Chinese state. Woodblock carving and wood movable type were enhanced to perfection. [20][21] When he was presented with the imperial seal of the Yuan dynasty after the defeat of the last Khagan of the Mongols, Hong Taiji renamed his state from "Great Jin" to "Great Qing" and elevated his position from Khan to Emperor, suggesting imperial ambitions beyond unifying the Manchu territories. "Names Have Memories: History, Semantic Identity and Conflict in Mongolian and Chinese Language Use. However, during the 18th century European empires gradually expanded across the world, as European states developed economies built on maritime trade, colonial extraction, and advances in technology. [50] The Kangxi Emperor also welcomed to his court Jesuit missionaries, who had first come to China under the Ming. The Wuchang Uprising on 10 October 1911 led to the Xinhai Revolution. The Ming dynasty, which . Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. After Galdan's death, his followers, as adherents to Tibetan Buddhism, attempted to control the choice of the next Dalai Lama. The core institution of the inner court was the Grand Council. [59], Yongzheng also inherited diplomatic and strategic problems. [68], The dynasty lost control of peripheral territories bit by bit. [8], After conquering "China proper", the Manchus identified their state as "China" (, Zhnggu; "Middle Kingdom"), and referred to it as Dulimbai Gurun in Manchu (Dulimbai means "central" or "middle," gurun means "nation" or "state"). The Manchu conducted a literary inquisition in the 18th century to root out subversive writings, and many suspect works were destroyed and their authors jailed, exiled, or killed. Definitions of Qin. Chinese military leaders who surrendered were given ranks of nobility, and troops were organized into the Lying, or Army of the Green Standard, which was garrisoned throughout the country to guard against local rebellions. The art of the novel reached a pinnacle in Cao Xueqin's Dream of the Red Chamber, but its combination of social commentary and psychological insight were echoed in highly skilled novels such as Wu Jingzi's The Scholars (1750) and Li Ruzhen's Flowers in the Mirror (1827). [84] Relations with the Salt Superintendents and salt merchants, such as those at Yangzhou, were particularly lucrative, especially since they were direct, and did not go through absorptive layers of bureaucracy. Since China had little demand for European goods, Europe paid in silver for Chinese goods such as silk, tea, and ceramics, an imbalance that worried the mercantilist governments of Britain and France. [49] The Qianlong Emperor propagated the image of himself as a Buddhist sage ruler, a patron of Tibetan Buddhism. His attempts to discourage Chinese women from foot binding, however, were unsuccessful. succeed. The Qing Dynasty In the northeast corner of China there lives a people called the Manchus, a northern Chinese ethnic group with a history and culture all their own. Germany used the murders as a pretext for a naval occupation of Jiaozhou Bay. The Qianlong Emperor sponsored the largest collection of writings in Chinese history, the Siku Quanshu, completed in 1782. [156] During the mid-Ming China had gradually shifted to silver as the standard currency for large scale transactions and by the late Kangxi reign the assessment and collection of the land tax was done in silver. Ch'ing Dynasty Treaties and Agreements Preserved by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China (Taiwan). When Yongzheng came to power at the age of 45, he felt a sense of urgency about the problems that had accumulated in his father's later years, and he did not need instruction on how to exercise power. There was also a resurgence in the arts and sciences; new inventions such as printing productions were made . [85] By the 19th century, it managed the activities of at least 56 subagencies. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. These 10 facts will help you understand the Qing Empire better. a sequence of powerful leaders in the same family. The occupation prompted a "scramble for concessions" in 1898, which included the German lease of Jiazhou Bay, the Russian acquisition of Liaodong, and the British lease of the New Territories of Hong Kong. These years saw an evolution in the participation of Empress Dowager Cixi (WadeGiles: Tz'u-Hsi) in state affairs. [157] Following the Opium wars and the opening of China to foreign trade and the mid-century rebellions against the Qing 2 further important sources of revenue were added the foreign maritime customs revenue and the likin revenue though only 20% of the likin revenue was actually given by the provinces to Hu Pu (board of revenue) in Beijing the rest remaining in provincial hands, the Hu Pu also managed to raise some miscellaneous taxes and increased the rate of the salt tax these measures doubled revenue by the late 19th century, this however was insufficient for the central government which was facing numerous crises and wars during the period and 9 foreign loans amounting to 40mil taels were contracted by the Qing government prior to 1890. Following the emperor's death in 1875, Cixi's nephew, the Guangxu Emperor, took the throne, in violation of the dynastic custom that the new emperor be of the next generation, and another regency began. The Qing dynasty was a period of literary editing and criticism, and many of the modern popular versions of Classical Chinese poems were transmitted through Qing dynasty anthologies, such as the Quan Tangshi and the Three Hundred Tang Poems. Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) Music and Art of China; Neolithic Period in China; Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127) Period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties (386-581) The Qing Dynasty (1644-1911): Painting; Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279) Tang Dynasty (618-907) Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368) Chronology. Over the next 40 years the Dzungar Mongols were defeated, and the empire was extended to include Outer Mongolia, Tibet, Dzungaria, Turkistan, and Nepal. Winning Taiwan freed Kangxi's forces for a series of battles over Albazin, the far eastern outpost of the Tsardom of Russia. Poetry continued as a mark of the cultivated gentleman, but women wrote in larger and larger numbers and poets came from all walks of life. The Qing Dynasty was the last dynasty of China. Subsequent rulers, however, were unable to meet the problems caused by increased population pressure and concentration of land ownership. I feel like its a lifeline. Much architecture survives; although it is often grandly conceived, it tends to an inert massiveness with overwrought ornamentation. The Qing surrender in 1842 marked a decisive, humiliating blow. The humiliated emperor died the following year at Rehe. The only remaining part of the empire that had arable farmland was Manchuria, where the provinces of Jilin and Heilongjiang had been walled off as a Manchu homeland. [79] Like previous dynasties, the Qing recruited officials via the imperial examination system, until the system was abolished in 1905. [133][134] The two Opium Wars (18391860) marked the watershed of Protestant Christian missions. During the Self-Strengthening Movement of the 1860s and 1870s Confucian officials in several coastal provinces established an industrial base in military technology. Notably, the paper was invented in 105 AD by the "Qing" redirects here. [47] Manchu rulers and Han Chinese scholar-official elites gradually came to terms with each other. [101] They were divided into two categories: one of them, the good "commoner" people, the other "mean" people who were seen as debased and servile. In response, the government initiated unprecedented fiscal and administrative reforms, including elections, a new legal code, and the abolition of the examination system. Nurhaci died in 1626, and was succeeded by his eighth son, Hong Taiji. They were unable to capitalise on the Manchu succession dispute and the presence of a minor as emperor. Likewise, Manchuria was also governed by military generals until its division into provinces, though some areas of Xinjiang and Northeast China were lost to the Russian Empire in the mid-19th century. In the year 1000, Tang Fu designed and manufactured a gunpowder arrow, gunpowder ball, and barbed gunpowder packages and donated them to the Song emperor. A specific Chinese character appeared in the given name of each male of each generation, often well into the future. [117], Shamanism, the most common religion among Manchus, was a spiritual inheritance from their Tungusic ancestors that set them off from Han Chinese. The gentleman gourmet, such as Yuan Mei, applied aesthetic standards to the art of cooking, eating, and appreciation of tea at a time when New World crops and products entered everyday life. [180][181] Chinese Communist Party General Secretary Xi Jinping has sought parity between Beijing and Washington and promised to restore China to its historical glory. [116], The Manchu imperial family were especially attracted by Yellow Sect or Gelug Buddhism that had spread from Tibet into Mongolia. [109] The genealogy was placed in the ancestral hall, which served as the lineage's headquarters and a place for annual ancestral sacrifice.The genealogy recorded the lineage's history, biographies of respected ancestors, a chart of all the family members of each generation, rules for the members to follow, and often copies of title contracts for collective property as well. Cultural attitudes were strongly conservative and Neo-Confucianism was the dominant philosophy. Manchu leaders employed Jesuits to use cannon and gunpowder to great effect in the conquest of China, and the court sponsored their research in astronomy. Starting with the Cochinchina Campaign in 1858, France expanded control of Indochina. The Qing organization of provinces was based on the fifteen administrative units set up by the Ming dynasty, later made into eighteen provinces by splitting for example, Huguang into Hubei and Hunan provinces. From the early Qing, the central government was characterized by a system of dual appointments by which each position in the central government had a Manchu and a Han Chinese assigned to it. The Reign of Louis XIV in France: Accomplishments & Influence. [14][15], What was to become the Manchu state was founded by Nurhaci, the chieftain of a minor Jurchen tribe the Aisin-Gioro in Jianzhou in the early 17th century. The position of viceroy or governor-general (, zongdu) was the highest rank in the provincial administration. Rites included mourning, funeral, burial, practices. The aim of these efforts, however, was to reform and improve inherited science and technology, not to replace it. Historian John K. Fairbank observed that "[t]o the scholar-gentry, Christian missionaries were foreign subversives, whose immoral conduct and teaching were backed by gunboats". [42] Dorgon's fall from grace also led to the purge of his family and associates at court, thus reverting power back to the person of the emperor. Although she had been involved in the initial reforms, the Empress Dowager stepped in to call them off, arrested and executed several reformers, and took over day-to-day control of policy. The problem of relations between China, Yuan and Qing", Translating through the Cultural Barriers: the Qing Imperial Multilingualism, "Taiping Rebellion | Causes, Effects, & Facts", "Reformist Emperor Guangxu was Poisoned, Study Confirms", Settling the Dead: Funerals, Memorials and Beliefs Concerning the Afterlife, Institutional Religion: The Three Teachings, "The last guardian of the throne: the regional army in the late Qing dynasty", "Chinese Porcelain Glossary: Glass, Chinese (Peking Glass)", "Ch'ing Dynasty The Art of Asia Chinese Dynasty Guide", "The Limits of Tartary: Manchuria in Imperial and National Geographies", "The Manchu-language Archives of the Qing Dynasty and the Origins of the Palace Memorial System", China's Response to the West: A Documentary Survey, 18391923, "Reinventing China Imperial Qing Ideology and the Rise of Modern Chinese National Identity in the Early Twentieth Century", Vol. The Jesuits adapted to Chinese expectations, evangelized from the top down, adopted the robes and lifestyles of literati, becoming proficient in the Confucian classics, and did not challenge Chinese moral values, such as ancestor veneration. Scholar-bureaucrats, including Lin Zexu and Wei Yuan, developed a school of practical statecraft which rooted bureaucratic reform and restructuring in classical philosophy. [132] Liang Afa (17891855), a Morrison-trained Chinese convert, branched out the evangelization mission in inner China. The Kumul Khanate, which was incorporated into the Qing dynasty as a vassal after helping Qing defeat the Zunghars in 1757, maintained its status after Xinjiang turned into a province through the end of the dynasty in the Xinhai Revolution up until 1930. The victorious allies then enforced their demands on the Qing government, including compensation for their expenses in invading China and execution of complicit officials, via the Boxer Protocol. Explains that the han dynasty was responsible for many world-changing inventions, including iron casting, acupuncture, the sundial, embroidery in clothing, hot air balloon, and the invention of paper. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The emperors undertook tours of the south and commissioned monumental scrolls to depict the grandeur of the occasion. The emperor and his officials, who were his personal representatives, took responsibility over all aspects of the empire, especially spiritual life and religious institutions and practices. A discussion of painting during the Qing dynasty, with a focus on three principal groups of artists working during the Qing: the . Puyi was allowed to live in the Forbidden City after his abdication until 1924, when he moved to the Japanese concession in Tianjin. A compromise installed Hong Taiji's five-year-old son, Fulin, as the Shunzhi Emperor, with Dorgon as regent and de facto leader of the Manchu nation. The attitude shared by most artists, in spite of obvious differences, was a strong preference for literati painting (wenrenhua), which emphasized personal expression above all. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. [164], It is noted by Taizu that these figures for formal taxation only amounted to half of the total taxation and therefore revenue of the government with these surcharges being levied at a local level by local officials who found the level of taxation far too low to support even basic governance this is despite the ability to levy surcharges belonging solely to the central government. Galdan was eventually killed in the DzungarQing War. The newly allied armies captured Beijing on 6 June. [92] The spread of New World crops, such as maize, peanuts, sweet potatoes, and potatoes decreased the number of deaths from malnutrition. [186] Some scholars in China accused the American group of imposing American concerns with race and identity or even of imperialist misunderstanding to weaken China. The Empire of Japan invaded Northeast China and founded Manchukuo there in 1932, with Puyi as its emperor. A team made up entirely of Manchus drew up the Treaty of Kyakhta (1727) to solidify the diplomatic understanding with Russia. To redress the technological and numerical disparity, Hong Taiji in 1634 created his own artillery corps from his existing Han troops, who cast their own cannons in the European design with the help of defector Chinese metallurgists. Use your last braincell and realize the ceramic is named after the country. The Qing Empire (1644-1912) was the most populous empire ever, and China's last empire. During the second commercial revolution, for the first time, a large percentage of farming households began producing crops for sale in the local and national markets rather than for their own consumption or barter in the traditional economy. [48] The Qing used the title of Emperor (Huangdi) in Chinese, while among Mongols the Qing monarch was referred to as Bogda khan (wise Khan), and referred to as Gong Ma in Tibet. There were originally 18 provinces, all of which in China proper, but later this number was increased to 22, with Manchuria and Xinjiang being divided or turned into provinces. The emperors equated the lands of the Qing state (including present-day Northeast China, Xinjiang, Mongolia, Tibet and other areas) as "China" in both the Chinese and Manchu languages, defining China as a multi-ethnic state, and rejecting the idea that "China" only meant Han areas. [78] This brought an end to over 2,000 years of Imperial China and nearly 268 years of ruling China by the Manchu people, and began a period of instability. The Taiping Rebellion in the mid-19th century was the first major instance of anti-Manchu sentiment. Cixi declared war on all of these nations, only to lose control of Beijing after a short, but hard-fought campaign. [185] They argue that the Manchu rulers regarded "China" as only a part, although a very important part, of a much wider empire that extended into the Inner Asian territories of Mongolia, Tibet, Manchuria and Xinjiang. Joanna has taught high school social studies both online and in a traditional classroom since 2009, and has a doctorate in Educational Leadership. This association would justify the Qing conquest as defeat of fire by water. . Because of his own political insecurity, Dorgon followed Hong Taiji's example by ruling in the name of the emperor at the expense of rival Manchu princes, many of whom he demoted or imprisoned under one pretext or another. Some of these more active market-towns even developed into small-cities and became home to the new rising merchant-class. After Chinese ports were opened to overseas commerce in the mid-19th century, translation of foreign works into Chinese increased dramatically. [144] Western medical missionaries established clinics and hospitals, and led medical training in China. Zaifeng forced Yuan Shikai to resign. Slavery, concubinage, arranged marriage, opium smoking, footbinding, judicial torture, and the worship of idols were all banned. TAX POLICY Tax Policy at the Local Level The Qing rulers implemented many innovations in the ways in which government was run, one of which relates to the difficult task of providing necessary services efficiently to a large and diverse population. In 1689 a treaty was concluded with Russia at Nerchinsk demarcating the northern extent of the Manchurian boundary at the Argun River. Morse estimated in the early 1900s a total of 284,150,000 taels of which 99,062,000 taels was spent by the Central government, 142,374,000 taels by the provincial governments and the remainder by the local government. The Qianlong Emperor launched several ambitious cultural projects, including the compilation of the Siku Quanshu, or Complete Repository of the Four Branches of Literature, the largest collection of books in Chinese history. The abdication of the Xuantong Emperor, the last emperor, on 12 February 1912, brought the dynasty to an end. They established a political system that successfully integrated the Chinese . She entered the imperial palace in the 1850s as a concubine to the Xianfeng Emperor (r. 18501861) and came to power in 1861 after her five-year-old son, the Tongzhi Emperor ascended the throne. Literati families drew income from landholding, as well as from lending money. The Qin dynasty was well known for its advances. Until now, their achievements can be seen and appreciated not only by the Chinese people but almost everyone in this world. In April 1636, Mongol nobility of Inner Mongolia, Manchu nobility and the Han mandarin recommended that Hong as the khan of Later Jin should be the emperor of the Great Qing. It is sometimes referred to as the Manchu Dynasty. Updates? Firmly established by 1757, the Canton Cohong was an association of thirteen business firms that had been awarded exclusive rights to conduct trade with Western merchants in Canton. The Qin Dynasty is known for being the first dynasty of a unified China. The Manchus, by contrast, sought to adopt traditional Chinese culture as their own in order to endear themselves to the Chinese, and in this way, allowed Chinese cultural achievements to flourish while they ruled. The Qing dynasty (1644-1912) was the last imperial dynasty in China. Classically trained Confucian scholars such as Liang Qichao and Wang Guowei read widely and broke aesthetic and critical ground later cultivated in the New Culture Movement. It seized control of Beijing in 1644, then later expanded its rule over the whole of China proper and Taiwan, and finally expanded into Inner Asia. The style was an amalgam of several regional music-theatre traditions that employed significantly increased instrumental accompaniment, adding to flute, plucked lute, and clappers, several drums, a double-reed wind instrument, cymbals, and gongs, one of which is designed so as to rise quickly in pitch when struck, giving a sliding tonal effect that became a familiar characteristic of the genre. [166], The Opium Wars, however, demonstrated the power of steam engine and military technology that had only recently been put into practice in the West. The Treaty of Shimonoseki recognized Korean independence and ceded Taiwan and the Pescadores to Japan. The Yongzheng emperor cracked down on the corrupt "meltage fees," legalizing and regulating them so that they could be collected as a tax, "returning meltage fees to the public coffer." [45] 400,000 Green Standard Army soldiers were used against the Three Feudatories in addition to the 200,000 Bannermen.[46]. As more and more Chinese-citizens were travelling the country conducting trade they increasingly found themselves in a far-away place needing a place to stay, in response the market saw the expansion of guild halls to house these merchants. In the late sixteenth century, Nurhaci, leader of the House of Aisin-Gioro, began organizing "Banners", which were military-social units that included Manchu, Han, and Mongol elements. Following China's defeat in the Opium Wars, Western colonial powers forced the Qing government to sign "unequal treaties", granting them trading privileges, extraterritoriality and treaty ports under their control. [80], The formal structure of the Qing government centered on the Emperor as the absolute ruler, who presided over six Boards (Ministries[f]), each headed by two presidents[g] and assisted by four vice presidents. So much so that upon his death he was bestowed the extraordinary posthumous title of Emperor Yi (), the only instance in Qing history in which a Manchu "prince of the blood" () was so honored. He expanded his father's system of Palace Memorials, which brought frank and detailed reports on local conditions directly to the throne without being intercepted by the bureaucracy, and he created a small Grand Council of personal advisors, which eventually grew into the emperor's de facto cabinet for the rest of the dynasty. The Kangxi and Qianlong emperors practiced this form of Tibetan Buddhism as one of their household religions and built temples that made Beijing one of its centers, and constructed a replica Lhasa's Potala Palace at their summer retreat in Rehe. [16][17] Originally a vassal of the Ming emperors, Nurhaci embarked on an intertribal feud in 1582 that escalated into a campaign to unify the nearby tribes. [110] Such worship was intended to ensure that the ancestors remain content and benevolent spirits (shen) who would keep watch over and protect the family. In the later years of Kangxi's reign, Yongzheng and his brothers had fought, and there were unsubstantiated rumors that he had usurped the throne by tampering with the Kangxi's testament on the night when Kangxi died. British soldiers, using advanced muskets and artillery, easily outmaneuvered and outgunned Qing forces in ground battles. Officials, of course, drew a salary, which, as the years went by, were less and less adequate, leading to widespread reliance on "squeeze," irrgular payments. The Qing navy, composed entirely of wooden sailing junks, was severely outclassed by the modern tactics and firepower of the British Royal Navy. The period of cooperation between the reformers and the European powers ended with the Tientsin Massacre of 1870, which was incited by the murder of French nuns set off by the belligerence of local French diplomats. Lin confiscated the stocks of opium without compensation in 1839, leading Britain to send a military expedition the following year. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. The Ming Dynasty was the most prosperous eras of China. Between 1861 and 1873, she and Ci'an served as regents, choosing the reign title "Tongzhi" (ruling together). Military appointments ranged from being a field marshal or chamberlain of the imperial bodyguard to a third class sergeant, corporal or a first or second class private. [97] In the later 19th century, Manchuria was opened up for Han settlers leading to a more extensive migration,[98] which was called Chuang Guandong (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ) literally "Crashing into Guandong" with Guandong being an older name for Manchuria. As the Jurchens had traditionally "elected" their leader through a council of nobles, the Qing state did not have a clear succession system. Qin Dynasty Government, Facts, Timeline & Accomplishments | What is the Qin Dynasty & How Did the Qin Dynasty Fall? The second major source of stability was the Central Asian aspect of their Manchu identity, which allowed them to appeal to Mongol, Tibetan and Uighur constituents. In 1911 the Consultative assembly estimated total revenue to be 301,910,297 taels. Rich merchants with official connections built up huge fortunes and patronized literature, theater and the arts. [120] Practices in Manchu families included sacrifices to the ancestors, and the use of shamans, often women, who went into a trance to seek healing or exorcism [121]. She fled to Xi'an. The department was manned by booi,[l] or "bondservants," from the Upper Three Banners. In the 1980s and early 1990s, American scholars began to learn Manchu and took advantage of newly opened Chinese- and Manchu-language documents in the archives. The Qing dynasty, also known as the Manchu dynasty, ruled over China for a period of 268 years from 1644 to 1912. Pao Chao gives a record of revenues and expenditures in 1887: 3,624,532 Shih of rice I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. Han defectors swelled the ranks of the Eight Banners so greatly that ethnic Manchus became a minorityonly 16% in 1648, with Han Bannermen dominating at 75% and Mongol Bannermen making up the rest. [140], After 1860, enforcement of the treaties allowed missionaries to spread their evangelization efforts outside Treaty Ports. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you Porcelain is literally called China because it is a Chinese invention. [32] Han Chinese Bannermen made up the majority of governors in the early Qing, stabilizing Qing rule. During this time China's domestic economy was a dynamic, commercializing economy, and in some small ways, even an industrializing economy. He established six boards or executive level ministries in 1631 to oversee finance, personnel, rites, military, punishments, and public works. Manchuria was originally separated from China proper by the Inner Willow Palisade, a ditch and embankment planted with willows intended to restrict the movement of the Han Chinese, as the area was off-limits to civilian Han Chinese until the government started colonizing the area, especially since the 1860s.

Steve Smith Drummer Net Worth, Articles Q